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Authors: Götz Aly

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1.
Grätz, Geschichte der Juden, vol. 8, pp. 49ff.
PART I: POLITICAL OPPORTUNISTS IN ACTION
 
Chapter 1: The Dream of a “People’s Empire”
 
1.
Speech by Hitler to the workers at the Rheinmetall-Borsig factory in Berlin, Oct. 10, 1940; Völkischer Beobachter, Oct. 11, 1940; Hitler, speech on Dec. 10, 1940 (“Rede,” p. 361); Boelcke, K osten, p. 122; Goebbels, Tagebücher, Dec. 11,1940 (hereafter referred to as Goebbels’s diary).
2.
Goebbels’s diary, April 19,1943.
3.
These are comments inscribed in the guest book of the author’s family’s summer home in the southern Black Forest by Ernst Aly (b. 1912) and Hermann Aly (b. 1910).
4.
Bongs, Strasse, p. 7.
5.
Use Prüssmann, Hochschule fur Lehrerbildung, Hamburg, Bericht über den Lehrereinsatz Sommer 1940 [Report on Summer Deployment, 1940], BA R 49/appendix 1/20, pp. 8-10.
6.
Hachmeister, Schleyer, p. 86.
7.
Schuster to Hellmut Becker, Jan. 28, 1942, and March 23, 1943, Becker estate, Berlin; on Schuster’s dissertation, see Aly, Rasse, p. 14.
8.
Aly, Machty p. 149; Harald Hansen, interview with author, August 1983.
9.
Goebbels’s diary, June 6 and 17,1941.
10.
Aly, Rasse, pp. 141-51.
11.
Hillers, Skizze meines Lebens (1935), BA R 55/20176.
 
12.
On the change in sensibility of intellectuals with a socialist background, see Bisky, “Jungen”; Zuckmayer, Geheimreport.
13.
Hitler to Army High Command, Nov. 23, 1939, PS-789 (NA RG 238/case XI/microfiche 33).
14.
Reinhardt to Schwerin von Krosigk, June 18,1940, NA T 178/15, microfilm 041.
15.
On Belgrade, see p. 371, n. 13; Survey of the Westerbork and Vught Camps by Main Auditing Office, BA R 2/30666.
16.
Aly and Heim, Vordenker, pp. 300-30, 383, and passim.
17.
Grimm described German script as “a shapeless affront to the eye” (Wörter-buchy vol. 1, p. liii).
18.
DAF/NS-Gemeinschaft, “Kraft durch Freude,” Gau Berlin, in Dein Urlaub (Berlin, 1938); Hitler, speech on Dec. 10,1940 (“Rede,” p. 343).
19.
DAF/AWI, Kriegsfinanzierung üiber die Altersversorgung? [Financing the War via the Pension System?] (Nov. 1939), NA T 178/15, microfilm 668.
20.
Hansen, “Rechtsgestaltung.”
21.
“Gedanken zur Neugestaltung.”
22.
Ranetsberger, “Gerichtsvollzieher.”
23.
“Tall Köppen.’”
24.
Kundrus, Kriegerfrauen, pp. 316ff.
25.
See Ziche, “Zwangsvollstreckungsrecht.”
26.
Bissinger, Das musst du wissen!, p. 26; Deutsche Gerichtsvollzieher-Zeitung 60 (1940), pp. 173-74; Sebode, “Regelung.”
27.
RFM, Ideensammlung zur steuerlichen Behandlung von Nichtariern [Collection of Ideas Concerning Tax Policy toward Non-Aryans], Aug. 21,1935, BA R 2/56009, vol. 1, pp. 2-39, passim.
28.
RFM (Zülow, Kühne), April 25, 1938, in Friedenberger et al, Reichsfi-nanzverwaltungy pp. 53-54.
29.
Goebbels’s diary, Aug. 10, 1943, and March 30, 1944.
30.
RFM (Ludwig), March 18, 1939, BA R 2/9398, p. 308.
 
31.
Woitkowski, “Graf Schwerin von Krosigk.”
 
32.
Reich Labor Office (Zschimmer) to PK, Sept. 11, 1941, BA R 2/31093, pp. 60ff.
33.
Schöpf, “Reinhardt”; Schönknecht, “Ausbildung.”
34.
Goebbels’s diary, Feb. 15, 1942.
35.
Hamann, Wien, pp. 160-68; “Sturm des Jubels und der Freude. Die alte Kaiserstadt huldigt dem Gründer des neuen Reiches,” Völkischer Beobachter, April 2,1938; Zitelmann, Hitler, p. 80.
 
36.
Hitler, Mein Kampf, p. 712.
37.
Hitler speech to Army High Command, Nov. 23, A PS-789.
38.
Aly, Voss, p. 28.
39.
For 1937-38, see Abelshauser, “Kriegswirtschaft,” p. 526.
40.
Wolfgang Aly, “Das Leben eines deutschen Professors. Erinnerungen und Erfahrungen,” MS, Freiburg im Breisgau, 1961.
41.
Köppen, note, Sept. 18, 1941, BA R 6/34a.
42.
Aly and Heim, Vordenker, pp. 398-401.
43.
One of those children was a future professor of mine, Wolf-Dieter Narr; see Böll, Briefe, p. 972.
44.
Haupt to Cobitz, Institut fur Deutsche Ostarbeit, Cracow, June 27, 1944; Mau, “Vom neuen Land im Osten,” Jan. 13, 1944, National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., Institut fur Deutsche Ostarbeit, box 1 (thanks to Margit Berner).
45.
Rösle, “Sterblichkeitsverhältnisse,” p. 28.
46.
Benning, “Expansion und Kontraktion der Geldmenge,” March 25, 1943, p. 32, BA R 8136/3810; Bayrhoffer, “Reichsbank,” p. 99; Hirschfeld et al, Enzyklopädie, pp. 579ff.
47.
Krüger, Lösung, pp. 30ff.
48.
RFM (Hedding) to Reinhardt, June 16, 1937, BA R 2/31097. (On Dec. 4, 1939, the draft law was tabled with the notation “superseded by the Jewish income contribution”)
49.
“Kampf dem Weltjudentum,” Deutscher Wochendienst, May 21,1943.
50.
Banken, “Goldreserven,” p. 51.
51.
RKG, “Die deutsche Inflation,” July 28, 1937, BA R 8136/3803; Bayrhoffer, “Reichsbank,” p. 99; Hoffmann, “Probleme,” p. 574; Bark,“Kriegsfinanzierung,” pp. 74ff.
52.
Lütge, “Kriegsfinanzierung,” p. 248; Terhalle, “Geschichte,” p. 282.
53.
Epmeier, “Kriegspotential,” p. 49; Jecht, Kriegsfinanzen, p. 59.
54.
Bark, “Kriegsfinanzierung,” pp. 37-38.
Chapter 2: The Accommodating Dictatorship
 
1.
Economics divion, RKG, “Die deutsche Wirtschaft im ersten Quartal 1937,” BA R 8136/3802, p. 15.
2.
Benning (RKG), “Die öffentliche Finanzlage,” April 2, 1936, pp. 16-17, and RKG, “Deutschlands wirtschaftliche Lage,” July 1939, p. 23, BA R 8136/3804; DAF/AWI, “Die lohnpolitische Lage” (Oct. 1939), in Mason, Arbeiterklasse, p. 1266.
3.
Finanz- und wirtschaftsstatistische Zahlen. Stand May 31,1944 (Nur fur den Dienstgebrauch!) [Financial and Economic Statistics as of May 31,1944 (for internal use only)], Berlin, BA R 2/24250, p. 23. See also Christoph Buch-heim, “Der Keim des Zusammenbruchs,” Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, Feb. 8,2003.
4.
Aly, Voss, pp. 24-25.
5.
Schöllgen, Brandt, p. 54.
6.
Prion, Finanzwunder, passim.
7.
See, for example, Günter Schmölders in Bank-Archiv, 1939, and Europä-ische Revue, 1940, BA PK/965, microfilm 1628ff. Schmälders joined the Nazi Party in 1933 and was an SS training director from 1933 to 1937.
8.
Benning, “Die öffentliche Finanzlage,” pp. 4, 10,13-14 (MS, April 2, 1936), BA R 8136/3804.
9.
Reinhardt, Geld, p. 27; Stucken, Geld- und Kreditpolitik, p. 149; RGBl. 1/1936, p. 701, and 1/1938, p. 952. The rise in corporate taxes in 1938 was originally supposed to stay in effect only until 1940. See Voss, Steuern, p. 106; Blümich, Körperschaftsteuer-Gesetz, p. vi.
10.
Hohrmann and Lenski, Körperschaftsteuer, p. 19.
11.
Boberach, Meldungen, vol. 2. p. 193.
 
12.
Reinhardt, “Gemeinschaftsbedarf,” p. 987.
 
13.
Reinhardt cited the same figures for Germany’s prewar debts in 1942. See Goebbels’s diary, Feb. 25, 1942. The exaggerated figure of 60 billion reichsmarks is often claimed for German rearmament expenditures prior to the war. See also Benning (RKG), “Reichsschuld,” Oct. 24,1940, BA R 8136/3795, p. 4; on rearmament costs, see Oertel, “Kriegsfinanzierung,” p. 685; and Abelshauser, “Kriegswirtschaft,” pp. 515-16.
14.
Goebbels’s diary, Dec. 24,1937, and March 2,1939.
15.
RB directors, Jan. 7, 1939; Hansmeyer and Caesar, “Kriegswirtschaft,” pp. 380ff.
16/a> RFM, July 7, 1939, NG-4062; Goerdeler, memoran
dum of Sept. 10, 1938, Goerdeler, Schriften, p. 755.
17.
Goerdeler, Schriften, pp. 773, 784-85.
18.
Reinhardt to Backe, Riecke, Schlotterer, Meyer, and Hanneken [ 1942], BA R 2/30675. Emphasis in original.
19.
Goerdeler, Schriften, p. 789.
20.
Letter of appointment (Frick, Göring), March 19, 1938; Göring to Keppler, March 19, 1938, NG-2503.
21.
On the specifics, see Stucken, Geld- und Kreditpolitik, pp. 149ff.
22.
RFM (Schwerin von Krosigk), Richtlinien fur die künftige Rüstungsfi-nanzierung [Principles for the Future Financing of Armaments], March 10, 1938, NG-5553.
23.
Krüger, Lösung, p. 211.
24.
RWM to Foreign Office, Berlin, Nov. 21, 1938, PA AA Inland II A/B 26; Leeuw, “Griff,” p. 221; Krüger, Lösung, p. 70.
25.
Ordinance on the Registration of Jews’ Wealth, April 26, 1938, RGBl. I, p. 414; Ordinance Based on the Ordinance on the Registration of Jews’ Wealth, April 26, 1938, RGBl. I, p. 415. The legal situation created for Jewish assets in Greater Germany in 1938 was duplicated in the ordinances issued by the Reich protector in Bohemia and Moravia, June 21, 1939, VOBlRProt 1939, p. 45. Similar ordinances were issued in almost all Nazi-occupied countries.
26.
RWM edict, May 14, 1938.
27.
Leeuw, “Griff,” pp. 216-17.
28.
RMI (Frick), June 14, 1938, NG-3937; RWM (Brinkmann), Dec. 27, 1938, BA R 2/3847, p. 188.
29.
Schwerin von Krosigk to Hitler, Sept. 1,1938, IMG, vol. 36, pp. 492ff.
30.
Conference on the Jewish Question, chaired by Göring, Nov. 12, 1938, IMG, vol. 2, p. 501; RMI conference, Dec. 16, 1938. See also Heim and Aly, Bevölkerungsstruktur, pp. 15-21.
31.
Foreign Office, Berlin (Schumburg), Jan. 25, 1939, PS-3358.
32.
Heim and Aly, “Ordnung,” pp. 392, 398; Heim and Aly, Bevolkerungsstruktur, pp. 15-21.
33.
Göring’s decree, Dec. 10, 1938, in Leeuw, “Griff,” p. 219.
34.
Conference on the Jewish Question, Nov. 12, 1938, IMG, vol. 2, p. 539.
35.
RWM, Sept. 25, 1938, PA AA Inland II A/B 26.
 
36.
Foreign Office, Berlin (Richard Buzzi), BA-DH ZA ZE 6175.
37.
RFM memorandum (Schwerin von Krosigk), July 5, Sept. 1, Dec. 8, 1938; Reichsbank board of directors, Dec. 29, 1938, to RFM (Bayrhoffer), BA R 2/3847, pp. 139ff., 180-81, 190ff.
38.
RWM, Statistik und Begleitbericht [Statistics and Accompanying Report] [end of 1938], BA R 7/4740, pp. 36ff.
39.
Foreign Office, Berlin (Woermann), Nov. 18, 1938, on a speech by Göring the previous day, IMG, vol. 32, pp. 411ff.
40.
Ordinance on the Atonement Payment for German Jews, Nov. 12, 1938, RGBl. I, p. 1579; DVO, Nov. 21,1938, RGBl. I, pp. 1638-40.
41.
Friedenberger et al., Reichsfinanzverwaltung, p. 30.
42.
Government counsel W. Donandt, Berlin, RFM, “Die Judenvermögensab-gabe, Januar 28, 1939,” quoted in Friedenberger et al., Reichsfinanzverwal-tungy pp. 67-68.
43.
Gestapo, Bielefeld, to Gestapo, Berlin, Nov. 26, 1938, in Stöber, Nation, p. 209.
44.
Schwerin von Krosigk, Staatsbankrott, p. 279.
45.
RGBl. 1/1939, p. 2059; Friedenberger et al., Reichsfinanzverwaltung, p. 21; Review of the Economic and Financial Measures Taken against the Jewish Populace, Carried Out at the Request of Mr. Kagan by the Archive of the Federal Finance Minister (Siegert), Aug. 14, 1951, BA R 2/appendix/52, pp. 9-11.
BOOK: Hitler's Beneficiaries: Plunder, Racial War, and the Nazi Welfare State
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