Hitler's Charisma (49 page)

  
1.
Goebbels’ diary, entry for 13 August 1932.

  
2.
Tal,
Political Faith of Nazism Prior to the Holocaust
, p7.

  
3.
Franz von Papen,
Memoirs
, London, 1952, pp162–3. In German in Franz von Papen,
Der Wahrheit eine Gasse
, Munich, 1952, p195.

  
4.
Von Papen,
Memoirs
, p279.

  
5.
Testimony of Göring from Day 80, Nuremberg Tribunal, 13 March 1946.

  
6.
Von Papen,
Memoirs
, p162.

  
7.
Oldest source for this famous remark is Konrad Heiden,
Adolf Hitler. Das Zeitalter der Verantwortungslosigkeit. Eine Biographie
, Zürich, 1936, p278.

  
8.
Hinrich Lohse,
Der Fall Strasser
, held in
Forschungsstelle für die Geschichte des Nationalsozialismus
in Hamburg. In English in Noakes and Pridham, Vol. 1, p111.

  
9.
Peter D. Stachura,
Gregor Strasser and the Rise of Nazism
, George Allen & Unwin, 1983, p104.

10.
Otto Strasser,
History in My Time
, Jonathan Cape, 1941, p240.

11.
Stachura,
Gregor Strasser and the Rise of Nazism
, p116.

12.
Hinrich Lohse,
Der Fall Strasser
. In English in Noakes and Pridham, Vol. 1, P113.

13.
Strasser,
History in My Time
, p236. Also, see von Papen,
Memoirs
for a reproduction of the gift, facing p279.

14.
See notes made on 2 December 1933 by Lutz Graf von Schwerin von Krosigk, Reichs Finance Minister, quoted in Wolfram Pyta,
Vorbereitungen für den militärischen Ausnahmezustand unter Papen/Schleicher
, Militärgeschichtliche Mitteilungen, 51, 1992, pp385–428.

15.
Previously unpublished testimony.

16.
Previously unpublished testimony.

17.
Rees,
The Nazis: A Warning from History
, p43.

18.
Von Papen,
Memoirs
, p251.

19.
Previously unpublished testimony.

  
1.
Manvell,
Göring
, p95.

  
2.
ibid., p97.

  
3.
Previously unpublished testimony.

  
4.
Previously unpublished testimony.

  
5.
Walther Hofer,
Der Nationalsozialismus: Dokumente 1933–1945
, Frankfurt am Main, 1957, p55. Hitler speech 10 March 1933. First published in Reichsgesetzblatt RGBl 1933, Teil I, Nr. 17, p83.

  
6.
Völkischer Beobachter
, 13 March 1933.

  
7.
Previously unpublished testimony.

  
8.
Previously unpublished testimony.

  
9.
Völkischer Beobachter
, 24 March 1933.

10.
Alan Bullock,
Hitler: A Study in Tyranny
, London, 1967, pp128–9.

11.
Max Domarus,
Hitler: Speeches and Proclamations 1932–1945 Volume One:
1932 to 1934
, Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers, 1990, Hitler statement 23 March 1933, p273.

12.
ibid., pp292–3.

13.
Previously unpublished testimony.

14.
Völkischer Beobachter
, 29 March 1933.

15.
Daily Telegraph
interview with Adolf Hitler, published
Völkischer Beobachter
, 28 July 1934. Quoted in English in Domarus,
Vol. 1
, 1990, p317.

16.
Joseph Goebbels,
My Part in Germany’s Fight
, London, 1938, p248.

17.
Previously unpublished testimony.

18.
Klaus Hildebrand,
The Foreign Policy of the Third Reich
, Batsford, London, 1973, pp31–32.

19.
Interview with author for
WW2History.com
.

20.
Quoted in Hans-Adolf Jacobsen and Werner Jochmann (editors),
Ausgewaehlte Dokumente zur Geschichte des Nationalsozialismus 1933–1945
, Band II. Bielefeld, 1961. First published in
NSDAP: Nationalsozialistische Monatshefte
, 4 June, 1933.

21.
Previously unpublished testimony.

22.
Previously unpublished testimony.

23.
From the account by Field-Marshal von Weichs quoted in Robert J. O’Neill,
The German Army and the Nazi Party 1933–1939
, Corgi Books, 1968, p67.

24.
ibid.

25.
Kurt Gossweiler,
Die Röhm-Affäre. Hintergründe—Zusammenhänge—Auswirkungen
, Köln, 1983, p68.

26.
Quoted in Hans-Adolf Jacobsen and Werner Jochmann (eds.),
Dokumente zur Geschichte des Nationalsozialismus 1933–1945
, Band II, Bielefeld, 1961.

27.
Tooze,
Wages of Destruction
, p67.

28.
Kershaw,
Hubris
, p511.

29.
Rudolf Diels,
Lucifer ante Portas
, Stuttgart, 1950, pp379–82. Also in Kershaw,
Hubris
, p505.

30.
From an account by Kempka, “Hitler’s Chauffeur,” quoted in Noakes and Pridham, Vol. 1, pp178–179.

31.
Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung
(DAZ), No. 302, 2 July 1934.

32.
Völkischer Beobachter
, 3 July 1934.

33.
Previously unpublished testimony.

34.
Völkischer Beobachter
, 1 July 1934.

35.
Previously unpublished testimony.

36.
Previously unpublished testimony.

37.
Previously unpublished testimony.

38.
See, for example, the views of Professor Norbert Frei about the “modernity” and “barbarism” of the Nazis, expressed in his interview with the author at:
WW2History.com
.

39.
Rudolf Semmler,
Goebbels, The Man Next to Hitler
, London, 1947, see diary entry for 12 December 1941.

40.
Previously unpublished testimony.

41.
Hermann Göring,
Aufbau einer Nation
, Berlin, 1934, pp51–2. (Also quoted, though in a slightly different translation, in Arthur Schweitzer,
The Age of Charisma
, Nelson Hall, Chicago, 1984, p83.)

42.
David Welch,
Propaganda and the German Cinema 1933–1945
, Oxford University Press, 1983, p147.

43.
Riefenstahl,
Memoirs
, p101.

44.
William L. Shirer,
Berlin Diary 1934–41
, John Hopkins, 2002, p21.

45.
George Orwell,
The Collected Essays, Journalism and Letters of George Orwell
, Volume 2, Eds. Sonia Orwell and Ian Angus, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1968.

46.
ibid.

47.
Hitler Speech of 8 November 1935, p727, Domarus,
Vol. II
.

48.
Max Domarus,
Hitler—Reden und Proklamationen 1932–1945—kommentiert von einem deutschen Zeitgenossen
, Band 1, Würzburg, 1962, p641.

49.
Shirer,
Berlin Diary
, pp17–18.

50.
See p23.

51.
W. Breucker (Ludendorff’s adjutant),
Die Tragik Ludendorffs
, Oldenburg, 1953, p107; also in English in J.C.R. Wright,
Above Parties: The Political Attitudes of the German Protestant Church Leadership 1918–1933
, Oxford, 1974, p78.

52.
Speer,
Inside The Third Reich
, p150.

53.
Hans-Jochen Gamm.
Der braune Kult
(Hamburg, 1962) 213–4, quoted in English in Robert G. L. Waite,
The Psychopathic God: Adolf Hitler
, Basic Books, New York, 1977, p29.

54.
Previously unpublished testimony.

55.
Domarus,
Vol. II
, p790.

56.
Hitler speech 23 November 1937, quoted in Arthur Schweitzer,
The Age of Charisma
, Nelson Hall, Chicago, 1984, p75.

57.
Richard Steigmann-Gall,
The Holy Reich—Nazi Conceptions of Christianity
, Cambridge University Press, 2003, p2.

58.
Goebbels’ diary, entry for 8 April 1941.

59.
Entry for 13 December 1941,
Hitler’s Table Talk
, pp142–145.

60.
Laurence Rees,
Selling Politics
, BBC Books, 1992, p50.

61.
Wilfred von Oven, interview in
Goebbels: Master of Propaganda
, written and produced by Laurence Rees, BBC 2, 1992.

62.
Völkischer Beobachter
, 1 February 1934.

63.
Rees,
Selling Politics
, p21.

64.
Die zukünftige Arbeit und Gestaltung des deutschen Rundfunks
. Ansprache Goebbels an die Intendanten und Direktoren der Rundfunkgesellschaften, Berlin, Haus des Rundfunks, 25.3.1933, in Helmut Heiber (ed.), Goebbels Reden. Band 1: 1932–1939. Düsseldorf, 1971, p94.

65.
Welch,
Propaganda and the German Cinema
, p158.

66.
ibid., p170.

67.
Rees,
Selling Politics
, p51.

68.
Weber,
Essays
, p248.

69.
Goebbels’ diary, entry for 5 July 1941.

70.
Weber,
Essays
, p248.

71.
Tooze,
Wages of Destruction
, pp37–166.

72.
Interview with author for
WW2History.com
.

73.
Rees,
Their Darkest Hour
, p196.

  
1.
Hitler,
Mein Kampf
, pp118–119.

  
2.
J.R.C. Wright,
Above Parties—the Political Attitudes of the German Protestant Church Leadership 1918–1933
, OUP, 1974, p54.

  
3.
Previously unpublished testimony.

  
4.
Wolfgang Ruge, Wolfgang Schumann (eds.),
Dokumente zur Deutschen Geschichte
, Berlin, 1977, p116.

  
5.
Previously unpublished testimony.

  
6.
Domarus,
Vol. II
, p938.

  
7.
Jonathan Glover,
Humanity—a Moral History of the Twentieth Century
, Pimlico, 2000, pp361–2.

  
8.
Previously unpublished testimony.

  
9.
Previously unpublished testimony.

10.
Aufzeichnung ohne Unterschrift
(August 1936), in
Akten zur Deutschen Auswärtigen Politik 1918–1945
. Göttingen, 1977. Serie C: 1933–1936. “Das Dritte Reich: Die Ersten Jahre,” Band V, 2, 26. Mai bis 31. Oktober 1936. Dokumentnummer 490, pp793–801.

11.
Rees,
Selling Politics
, p81.

12.
International Military Tribunal (IMT)
Der Prozess gegen die Hauptkriegsverbrecher vor dem Internationalen Militärgerichtshof Nürnberg
, 1. November 1945—1. Oktober 1946, Band XXXVI, Nürnberg, 1948, p489ff.

13.
ibid.

14.
Henderson,
Failure of a Mission
, p159.

15.
Göring’s announcement on arrival at the ministry of economics, as heard by Wilhelm Ter-Nedden (recorded in interview with him filmed by the author).

16.
Tooze,
Wages of Destruction
, p198.

17.
Previously unpublished testimony.

18.
BArch N 28/4. Quoted in Klaus-Jürgen Müller,
General Ludwig Beck
, Boppard am Rhein, 1980, pp497–8.

19.
Previously unpublished testimony.

20.
Nicholas Reynolds,
Treason Was No Crime: Ludwig Beck, Chief of the German General Staff
, William Kimber, 1976, pp73–74.

21.
BArch N 81/2 and OKW 898.

  
1.
BArch NS 10/550.

  
2.
Henderson,
Failure of a Mission
, p282.

  
3.
Previously unpublished testimony.

  
4.
Previously unpublished testimony.

  
5.
O’Neill,
German Army
, pp190–191.

  
6.
Friedrich Hossbach,
Zwischen Wehrmacht und Hitler 1934–1938
, Göttingen, 1965, p191.

  
7.
O’Neill,
German Army
, p201.

  
8.
Karl-Heinz Janssen,
Der Sturz der Generäle: Hitler und die Blomberg-Fritsch-Krise 1938
, Munich, 1994, p55.

  
9.
Simon Sebag Montefiore,
Stalin: The Court of the Red Tsar
, Phoenix, 2007, pp221–222.

10.
Robert Service,
Stalin—A Biography
, Macmillan, 2004, p348.

11.
BArch N 28/4. Quoted in German in Müller,
General Ludwig Beck
, pp498–501. It is not clear whether Beck intended this paper to aid his own thinking or be given to colleagues.

12.
Reynolds,
Treason Was No Crime
, p128.

13.
Harold C. Deutsch,
The Conspiracy Against Hitler in the Twilight War
, University of Minnesota, 1968, p34.

14.
Reynolds,
Treason Was No Crime
, p138.

15.
Previously unpublished testimony.

16.
Walter Görlitz,
Generalfeldmarschall Keitel, Verbrecher oder Offizier? Erinnerungen, Briefe, Dokumente des Chefs OKW
, Göttingen, 1961, p179.

17.
Previously unpublished testimony.

18.
Previously unpublished testimony.

19.
Previously unpublished testimony.

20.
Previously unpublished testimony.

21.
Interview
The Nazis: A Warning from History
, episode 3, “The Wrong War,” BBC2, 1997.

22.
Domarus,
Vol. II
, p1050.

23.
ibid., p1057.

24.
Von Papen,
Memoirs
, p438.

25.
Rees,
Nazis: A Warning from History
, p100.

26.
Reynolds,
Treason Was No Crime
, p144.