How Everyone Became Depressed (32 page)

1 . Oswald Bumke, Landläufige Irrtümer in der Beurteilung von Geisteskranken (Wiesbaden: Bergmann, 1908), 37.
2. Joyce Hemlow, Ed., The Journals and Letters of Fanny Burney, Vol. 1 (Oxford: Clarendon, 1972), 115.
3. M. R. D. Foot, Ed., The Gladstone Diaries, Vol. 2 (Oxford: Clarendon, 1968), 358, 375.
4. J.H. Blount, “Essayon the Classification of Mental Alienation by Dr. M. Baillarger,” Asylum Journal of Mental Science, 1 (1854), 137–141, p. 137.
5. I consulted Auguste Axenfeld and Henri Huchard, Traité des névroses (1863), 2nd ed. (Paris: Baillière, 1883); on pp. viii–ix Huchard explains Axenfeld’s original conceptions. Axenfeld died in 1876.
6. The quotation is from Richard von Krafft-Ebing, Lehrbuch der Psychiatrie, Vol. 2 (Stuttgart: Enke, 1879), 3.
7. Emil Kraepelin, Psychiatrie: Ein Lehrbuch für Studierende und Aerzte (Leipzig: Barth, 1915), Vol. 4, 1813.
8. Karl Jaspers, Allgemeine Psychopathologie (Berlin: Springer, 1913), 163. 9. Kurt Schneider, “Die Schichtung des emotionalen Lebens und der Aufbau der Depressionszustä nde,” Zeitschrift für die gesamte Neurologie und Psychiatrie, 59 (1920), 281–286.
10. Josef Westermann, “Über die vitale Depression,” Zeitschriftfür die gesamte Neurologie und Psychiatrie, 77 (1922), 391–422.
11. E. S. Paykel, “Classification of Depressed Patients: A Cluster Analysis Derived Grouping,” BJP, 118 (1971), 275–288; Kay C. Thomson and Hugh C. Hendrie, “Environmental Stress in Primary Depressive Illness,” Archives of General Psychiatry, 26 (1972), 130–132. Later, see also E. S. Paykel, “The Evolution of Life Events Research in Psychiatry,” Journal of Affective Disorders, 62 (2001),
141–149.
12. Joseph Zubin, discussion, in J. Zubin et al., Eds., Disorders of Mood (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1972), 30; the meeting took place in 1971. 13. Sigmund Freud, “Trauer und Melancholie” (1916), in Freud, Gesammelte Werke (London: Imago, 1946), Vol. 10, 428–446, p. 430.
14. Sigmund Freud, “Die Frage der Laienanalyse” (1926), in Freud, Gesammelte Werke (London: Imago, 1948), Vol. 14, 209–286, pp. 262–263.
15. Sigmund Freud, “Bemerkungen ü ber die Ü bertragungsliebe” (1915), in Freud, Gesammelte Werke (London: Imago, 1946), Vol. 10, 306–321, pp. 312–313. 16. Karl Abraham, “Ansätze zur psychoanalytischen Erforschung und Behandlung des manisch-depressiven Irreseins und verwandter Zustä nde,” Zentralblatt für Psychoanalyse, 2 (1912), 302–315, p. 302; paper given at a conference in 1911. 17. E. Farquhar Buzzard, “Discussion on the Diagnosis and Treatment of the Milder Forms of the Manic-Depressive Psychosis,” Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine, 23 (1930), 881–883, p. 881.
18. Sandor Rado, “The Problem of Melancholia,” International Journal for Psychoanalysis,
9 (1928), 420–438, p. 437; the conference was held in 1927.
19. Sandor Rado, “Psychodynamics of Depression from the Etiologic Point of View,” Psychosomatic Medicine, 13 (1951), 51–55, p. 51. By this time Rado had abandoned the Hungarian accents on his name.
20. Otto Fenichel, Outline of Clinical Psychoanalysis (New York: The Psychoanalytic Quarterly Press and W. W. Norton Company, 1934), 395.
21. Otto Fenichel, The Psychoanalytic Theory of Neurosis (New York: W. W. Norton, 1945), 389, 391.
22. War Department Technical Bulletin, Medical 203. Reprinted as “Nomenclature of Psychiatric Disorders and Reactions,” Journal of Clinical Psychology, 2 (1946), 289–296, p. 292.
23. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association, 1952), 33–34.
24.DSM-II. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 2nd ed. (Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association, 1968), 40.
25. Walter Bonime, “The Psychodynamics of Neurotic Depression,” in Silvano Arieti, Ed., American Handbook of Psychiatry, Vol. 3 (New York: Basic, 1966), 239–255, p. 244.
26. Gershwin’s sister-in-law apparently viewed his symptoms as part of “his relentless quest to call attention to himself,” a psychoanalytic interpretation. Joan Peyser, The Memory of All That: The Life of George Gershwin (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1993), 217. See also Joan Peyser, letter, New York Times, Oct. 4, 1998, 2–4. 27. RobertCancro,“The Uncompleted Task of Psychiatry,” in Thomas Ban et al., Eds., From Psychopharmacology to Neuropsychopharmacology in the 1980s (Budapest: Animula, 2002), 237–244, p. 237.
28. Nathan Kline, discussion, in J. Angst, Ed., Classification of Depression (Zurich, Switzerland: Psychiatric University Hospital, 1974), 138.
29. Group for the Advancement of Psychiatry, Trends and Issues in Psychiatric Residency Programs (Topeka: GAP, 1955), 13; report no. 31, March 1955.
30. David Goldberg, “A Dimensional Model for Common Medical Disorders,” BJP, 168 (Suppl. 30) (1996), 44–49, p. 48.
31. United Kingdom, Office for National Statistics, Social Trends, no. 33 (2003), Fig. 7.8, 134.
32. Food and Drug Administration, Psychopharmacological Drugs Advisory Committee, meeting of Dec. 4, 1981, Vol. 2, 178–179; obtained through the Freedom of Information Act.
33. Alan F. Schatzberg et al., “Depression Secondary to Anxiety: Findings from the McLean Hospital Depression Research Facility,” Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 13 (1990), 633–649, p. 645.
34. David Goldberg and Peter Huxley, Mental Illness in the Community: The Pathway to Psychiatric Care (London: Tavistock, 1980), 83–84.
35. Goldberg, BJP, (1996), 48.
36. In a careful study of bipolar and unipolar depressives, Philip Mitchell and collaborators in the depression unit of the University of New South Wales write that “Overall, the findings are consistent with bipolar disorder being characterized by both melancholia and psychotic features.” Philip B. Mitchell et al., “Comparison of Depressive Episodes in Bipolar Disorder and in Major Depressive Disorder within Bipolar Disorder Pedigrees,” British Journal of Psychiatry, 199 (2011),
303–309, p. 307.
37. Paula J. Clayton, “Depression Subtyping: Treatment Implications,” Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 59 (Suppl. 16) (1998), 5–12, Figs. 2, 8.
38. Kenneth S. Kendler et al., “The Identification and Validation of Distinct Depressive Syndromes in a Population-Based Sample of Female Twins,” Archives of General Psychiatry, 53 (1996), 391–399, p. 397. Kendler, “Major Depression and Generalized Anxiety Disorder: Same Genes, (Partly) Different Environments—Revisited,” BJP,
168 (Suppl. 30) (1996), 68–75.
39. Gavin Andrews et al., “The Genetics of Six Neurotic Disorders: A Twin Study,” Journal of Affective Disorders, 19 (1990), 23–29.
40. Gavin Andrews, “Comorbidity and the General Neurotic Syndrome,” BJP, 168, (Suppl. 30) (1996), 76–84.
41. Assen Jablensky and Robert E. Kendell, “Criteria for Assessing a Classification in Psychiatry,” in Mario Maj et al., Eds., Psychiatric Diagnosis and Classification (Chichester: Wiley, 2002), 1–24, p. 11.
42. Marilyn K. Nations et al., “‘Nerves’: Folk Idiom for Anxiety and Depression?” Social Science Medicine, 26 (1988), 1245–1259.
43. Emil Kraepelin, Psychiatrie: Ein Lehrbuch für Studierende und Ärzte, 8th ed., Vol. 1 (Leipzig: Barth 1909), 349.
44. Edward Mapother, “Discussion on ManicDepressive Psychosis,” BMJ, 2 (Nov. 13,
1926), 872–876, p. 873.
45. J. W. Astley Cooper, “Rest in the Treatment of Neuroses,” BMJ, 2 (Dec. 30, 1933),
1231–1232.
46.Thomas Arthur Ross, An Enquiry into Prognosis in the Neuroses (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1936), calculated on the basis on cases on pp.
146–160.
47. Aubrey J. Lewis, “Melancholia: A Clinical Study of Depressive States,” Journal of Mental Science, 80 (1934), 277–378, p. 355.
48. Fridolin Sulser, discussion, in Merton Sandler et al., Eds., 5-Hydroxytryptamine in Psychiatry: A Spectrum of Ideas (Oxford: Oxford University Press,
1991), 191.
49. Jacques Launay, “Thérapeutique s ém é iologique des é tatsd épressifs,” Annales Moreau de Tours, 2 (1965), 74–78, p. 74.
50. Max Hamilton, discussion, in J. Angst, Classification of Depression (Zurich, Switzerland: Psychiatric University Hospital, 1974), 286.
51. John Overall and Sidney Zisook, “Diagnosis and the Phenomenology of Depressive Disorders,” Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 48 (1980), 626–634, p. 632. 52. See Martin Roth and J. D. Morrissey, “Problems in the Diagnosis and Classification of Mental Disorder in Old Age: With a Study of Case Material,” Journal of Mental Science, 98 (1952), 66–80.
53. Martin Roth, “The Phobic Anxiety-Depersonalization Syndrome,” Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine, 52 (1959), 587–596.
54. M. W. P. Carney, M. Roth, and R. F. Garside, “The Diagnosis of Depressive Syndromes and the Prediction of E.C.T. Response,” BJP, 111 (1965), 659–674, p. 669.
55. Martin Roth et al., “Studies in the Classification of Affective Disorders: The Relationship between Anxiety States and Depressive Illnesses—I,” BJP, 121 (1972), 147–161, p. 158.
56. Akiskal, Archives of General Psychiatry (1978), 765.
57. Frank Fish, discussion, in F. A. Jenner, Ed., Proceedings of the Leeds Symposium on Behavioural Disorders, 25–27 March 1965 (Dagenham: May & Baker, April 1965), 198.
58. R. E. Kendell, “The Classification of Depressions: A Review of Contemporary Confusion,” BJP, 129 (1976), 15–28.
59. Ross Baldessarini interview with Edward Shorter and Max Fink, at McLean Hospital, Feb. 17, 2006, 18.
60. See Bernard Carroll to Donald Green (Hoffmann-La Roche), Sept. 28, 1982: re “well controlled inpatient studies”: “This was the main reason why the FDA Advisory Committee did not approve the Upjohn compound, alprazolam, recently as an antidepressant. The only evidence Upjohn had for antidepressant efficacy was obtained among outpatients.” Carroll Papers, International Neuropsychopharmacology Archives, University of California, Los Angeles.
61. Peter Tyrer, “The Case for Cothymia: Mixed Anxiety and Depression as a Single Diagnosis,” BJP, 179 (2001), 191–193.
62. Benedict Carey, “Psychiatry Manual Drafters Back Down on Diagnoses,” New York Times, May 8, 2012.
63. Raymond Battegay interview, “Forty-Four Years of Psychiatry and Psychopharmacology,” in David Healy, Ed., The Psychopharmacologists, Vol. 3 (London: Arnold, 2000), 371–394, p. 383.
64. Gerald L. Klerman, “Evidence for Increase in Rates of Depression in North America and Western Europe in Recent Decades,” in Hanns Hippius, Ed., New Results in Depression Research (Heidelberg: Springer, 1986), 7–15. Based on their study of North Wales, David Healy and co-workers have argued that the incidence of melancholia, especially the nonpsychotic version, has risen over the past hundred years. It remains to be seen whether these findings are generalizable. Margaret Harris, Fiona Farquhar, David Healy et al., “The Incidence and Prevalence of Admissions for Melancholia in Two Cohorts (1875–1924 and 1995–2005),” Journal of Affective Disorders (2011), DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2011.06.015, 3, Tab. 1.
65. “Prof R. H. Syms Dead,” New York Times, Dec. 9, 1912, 11.
66. Farquhar Buzzard, in “Discussion on Manic-Depressive Psychosis,” British Medical Association meeting, BMJ, 1 (Nov. 13, 1926), 877.
67. Edgar Jones and Shahina Rahman, “Framing Mental Illness, 1923–1939: The Maudsley Hospital and Its Patients,” Social History of Medicine, advance access published Mar. 5, 2008, p. 9 of 19, Tab. 3; DO1: 10.1093/shm/hkm115.
68. Paul Kielholz, “Drug Treatment of Depressive States,” Canadian Psychiatric Association Journal, (1959), S129–S137, pp. S129–S130.
69. Linda Hilles, “Changing Trends in the Application of Psychoanalytic Principles to a Psychiatric Hospital,” Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic, 32 (1968), 203–218, Tab. 3, p. 208.
70. Saul H. Rosenthal, “Changes in a Population of Hospitalized Patients with Affective Disorders, 1945–1965,” AJP, 123 (1966), 671–681, p. 674. Tab. 2, p. 680. 71. Willi Mayer-Gross, discussion, in E. Beresford Davies, Ed., Depression: Proceedings of the Symposium Held at Cambridge 22 to 26 September 1959 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1964), 57.
72. John G. Dewan, “Mild Depressions,” Medical Clinics of North America, 36 (1952),
527–537, pp. 529–530.
73. William P. D. Logan et al., Morbidity Statistics from General Practice, Vol. 1 (London: HMSO, 1958; General Register Office, Studies on Medical and Population Subjects, no. 14), Tab. 9, 88–89.
74. The data on major depression, dysthymic disorder, and bipolar I disorder were reported in P. Waraich et al., “Prevalence and Incidence Studies of Mood Disorders: A Systematic Review of the Literature,” Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 49 (2004),
124–138.
75. A. M. W. Porter, discussion, in “The Medical Use of Psychotropic Drugs: A Report of a Symposium, Sponsored by the Department of Health and Social Security and Held at University College Swansea on 1–2 July, 1972,” Journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners, 23, (Suppl. 2) ( June, 1973), 14.
76. John Marks, discussion, in Hugh Freeman et al., Eds., The Benzodiazepines in Current Clinical Practice (London: Royal Society of Medicine Services, 1987),
3 2 .
77. Myrna Weissman and Gerald L. Klerman, “The Chronic Depressive in the Community; Unrecognized and Poorly Treated,” Comprehensive Psychiatry, 18 (1977), 523–532.
78. See Martin M. Katz and Gerald L. Klerman, “Introduction: Overview of the Clinical Studies Program,” AJP, 136 (1979), 49–51, p. 51.
79. Martin B. Keller and Robert W. Shapiro, “‘Double Depression’: Superimposition of Acute Depressive Episodes on Chronic Depressive Disorders,” AJP, 139 (1982),
438–442.
80. See Alison Bass, Side Effects: A Prosecutor, a Whistleblower, and a Bestselling Antidepressant on Trial (Chapel Hill, NC: Algonquin, 2008), 66–67. 81. Myrna Weissman, “Gerald Klerman and Psychopharmacology,” in David Healy, Ed., The Psychopharmacologists, Vol. 2 (London: Chapman & Hall, 1998), 521–542, p. 530.
Chapter 9

1. For APA’s initial conception of the limited nature of the revision see Walter Barton to Sidney Malitz, Mar. 20, 1973; APA Archives, Professional Affairs, box 17, folder 188.

2. See “Overview of Actions of the Board re DSM-III,” undated document [1978]; APA Archives, Project Affairs, box 17, folder 188; Walter E. Barton, Medical Director to Sidney Malitz, Chairman, APA Council on Research and Development, Mar. 20, 1973; APA Archives, Project Affairs, box 17, folder 188.

3. Samuel Guze interview, “The Neo-Kraepelinian Revolution,” in David Healy, Ed., The Psychopharmacologists, Vol. 3 (London: Arnold, 2000), 395–414, p. 404.
4. Sources for this paragraph included Robert Spitzer interview by Edward Shorter and Max Fink, Mar. 14, 2007, and the entry for Spitzer in Edward Shorter, Historical Dictionary of Psychiatry (New York: Oxford University Press, 2005), 284–285.
5. Name withheld, personal communication to author, Jan. 27, 2006.
6. Carolyn B. Robinowitz to Melvin Sabshin, memo of June 7, 1979; APA Archives, Education, box 16, folder 200.
7. Robert Spitzer interview with Edward Shorter and Max Fink, Irvington, NY, Mar. 14, 2007.
8. Donald Klein to Robert Spitzer, memo of April 24, 1978; APA Archives, Janet Williams Papers, Research, DSM-III-R, box 1, DSM-III files, folder “misc. affective.”
9. APA Archives, Prof. Affairs, box 17, folder 188, date Sept. 4, 1974.
10. Robert Spitzer, discussion, in Abraham Sudilovsky et al., Eds., Predictability in Psychopharmacology (New York: Raven, 1975), 46.
11. Minutes. Task Force on Nomenclature and Statistics, meeting of September 4, 5 in New York. APA Archives, Professional Affairs, box 17, folder 188.
12. Donald Klein, personal communication, Apr. 30, 2006.
13. Robert L. Spitzer, Jean Endicott, and Eli Robins, “Research Diagnostic Criteria,” Archives of General Psychiatry, 35 (1978), 773–782.
14. Michael Shepherd, “Evaluation of Drugs in the Treatment of Depression,” Canadian Psychiatric Association Journal, 4, (Suppl.) (1959), S120–S128, p. S124. 15. “Initial Draft Version of DSM-III Classification of August 1, 1975,” attached to Jarvik to Stetsky, Nov. 8, 1976; APA Archives, Paula Clayton Papers, box 30, folder 13. The Clayton Papers are now in the International Neuropsychopharmacology Archives, University of California, Los Angeles.
16. “Draft Version of DSM-III Classification as of March 1, 1976,” attached to Task Force on Nomenclature and Statistics of the American Psychiatric Association, “Progress Report on the Preparation of DSM-III,” March 1976; APA Archives, Professional Affairs, box 17, folder 193 (70 #3).
17. Memorandum, from The Chairman of the Assembly DSM III Task Force (Howard Berk) to District Branch Representatives and Alternate Representatives. Apr. 4, 1977; APA Archives, Assembly, box 18, folder 274.
18. APA Archives, Williams Papers, Research DSM-III-R, box 1. Misc DSM-III files [owing to inadequate labeling on the author’s part, it is possible that this note comes from box 3].
19. Kay C. Thomson and Hugh C. Hendrie, “Environmental Stress in Primary Depressive Illness,” Archives of General Psychiatry, 26 (1972), 130–132. 20. Lyman C. Wynne to “Affective Disorders Advisory Committee,” Feb. 13, 1978; Clayton Papers, box 31.
21. Paula Clayton memo to Spitzer and “other members of the Major Affective Disorder Committee,” Feb. 22, 1979; Clayton Papers, box 31.
22. Memo, Donald Klein to Robert Spitzer, Apr. 26, 1978; APA Archives, Williams Papers, Research, DSM-III-R, box 1; DSM-III files, “misc affective.” 23. Donald F. Klein, “Endogenomorphic Depression,” Archives of General Psychiatry,31 (1974), 447–454.
24. Memo from Spitzer to Donald Klein, Nancy Andreasen, Rachel Gittelman, Michael Sheehy, Edward Sachar, and Arthur Rifkin, Mar. 29, 1979; APA Archives, Williams Papers, Research—DSM-III-R, box 2. The distribution shows the inner circle of the DSMdrafters. Sachar, head of psychiatry at Columbia, was not even a member of the Task Force!
25. Robert Spitzer and Michael Sheehy to Klein, Andreasen, Sachar, Wynne, Endicott, Arthur Rifkin, Frederic Quitkin, and Sandy Glassman. These were mainly Spitzer’s colleagues at PI and the New York area.
26. Memo, Robert L. Spitzer and Jean Endicott to Task Force, May 3, 1978; APA Archives, Williams Papers. Research, DSM-III-R, box 1, DSM-III, “misc affective.”
27. Robert L. Spitzer to “Affective Disorder Mavens,” July 10, 1978; APA Archives, Williams Papers. Research, DSM-III-R; DSM-III files, “misc affective.” 28. Offerto F. Bertolini, “Cloropromazina e reserpina nel trattamento delle psichopatie,” Archivio di Psicologia, Neurologia, et Psichiatria, 17 (1956), 623–627, p.
626.
29. Thomas Ban, interview, in Thomas Ban, Ed., An Oral History of Neuropsychopharmacology: The First Fifty Years. Peer Interviews, Vol. 4 (Brentwood, TN: ACNP, 2011), 20.
30. Roger Peele to Robert Spitzer, Mar. 12, 1979; Clayton Papers, box 31. 31. Robert Spitzer to Assembly Liaison, Joint American Psychoanalytic Association and American Academy of Psychoanalysis Committees, Mar. 27, 1979; APA Archives, Williams Papers, Research, DSM-III-R, box 3. Misc DSM-III files.
32. Donald Klein to Robert Spitzer, Mar. 30, 1979; Clayton Papers, box 31. 33. See Spitzer to Hector Jaso, Chair, DSM-III Assembly Liaison Committee, Apr. 18,
1979; APA Archives, Williams Papers, Research, DSM-III-R. Loose DSM-III files, Neurosis folder.
34. “Possible revision 4/25/79,” APA, Williams Papers, Research, DSM-III-R, loose DSM-III files, Neurosis folder.
35. Bernard Carroll to Robert Spitzer, Feb. 19, 1979; APA Archives, Williams Papers, DSM-III-R, box 1, DSM-III Files, Major depressive disorder.
36. Robert Spitzer to Bernard Carroll, Mar. 2, 1979; APA Archives, Williams Papers, Research, DSM-III-R, box 1, DSM-III files. “Dear Barney, where have you been all this time?”
37. Michael Feinberg, Bernard Carroll, Meir Steiner, and Anne J. Commorato, letter, “Misdiagnosis of Endogenous Depression with Research Diagnostic Criteria,” Lancet, 1 (Feb. 3, 1979), 267.
38. Memo, from Robert Spitzer and Janet B. W, Forman, to the Task Force, Affective Mavens, Assembly Liaison Committee, Mar. 15, 1979; APA Archives, Williams Papers, Research, DSM-III-R, box 1, DSM-III files; major depressive disorder. The Task Force, voted on which of these choices they endorsed, as well as on matters such as whether unipolar mania should be part of Bipolar Affective Disorder. This is an astonishing comment on how science was once conducted in psychiatry. Scientists do not normally vote on matters such as the speed of light.
39. DSM-III (1980), 215.
40.Thomas A. Ban ms, “From Melancholia to Depression: A History of Diagnosis and Treatment,” 34, Tab. 10.
41. Such loose criteria lead to an overdiagnosis of melancholia in research studies, although not in the community, where patients feared the term. In a study led by Pierre Blier of 105 patients with major depressive disorder, 80 qualified for the melancholic subtype. Pierre Blier et al., “Combination of Antidepressant Medications from Treatment Initiation for Major Depressive Disorder: A Double-Blind Randomized Study,” AJP, 167 (2010), 281–288.
42. Bernard Carroll interview by Edward Shorter and Max Fink, Oct. 17, 2005. 43. See his account of this discovery in Donald F. Klein, “Anxiety Reconceptualized,” Modern Problems of Pharmacopsychiatry, 22 (1987), 1–35, pp. 1–6.
44. Donald Klein and Max Fink, “Psychiatric Reaction Patterns to Imipramine,” AJP, 119 (1962), 432–438.
45. Donald F. Klein, “Delineation of Two Drug-Responsive Anxiety Syndromes,” Psychopharmacologia, 5 (1964), 397–408, p. 407.
46. Donald F. Klein, “Treatment of Phobias Characterized by Separation Anxiety,” International Drug Therapy Newsletter, 2 (1967), 16; see also Julius J. C. Mendel and Donald F. Klein, “Anxiety Attacks with Subsequent Agoraphobia,” Comprehensive Psychiatry, 10 (1969), 190–195.
47. DSM-II, 39–40.
48. I relied on the manuscript text of Sheehan’s interview with David Healy, which Dr. Healy was kind enough to show me. The published version is slightly different. See James Sheehan, interview, “Angles on Panic,” in David Healy, Ed., The Psychopharmacologists, Vol. 3 (London: Arnold, 2000), 479–503, p. 481. 49. Paula Clayton interview with Edward Shorter and Max Fink, Dec. 4, 2006. 50. Donald Klein to Robert Spitzer, June 1, 1978; APA Archives, Williams Papers. Research, DSM-III-R, box 1; DSM-III files, “misc affective.”
51. Isaac Marks to Robert Spitzer, June 28, 1977; APA Archives, Williams Papers, Research. DSM-III-R, box 3, DSM-III files, misc. My own notes sourcing this document are incomplete, but I believe this is the correct citation.
52. Michael Gelder to Robert Spitzer, June 28, 1977; APA Archives, Williams Papers, Research. DSM-III-R, box 1. Klein’s undated response is attached.
53. “Draft … as of March 30, 1977,” attached to APA Archives, Professional affairs, box
16, folder 177, DSM-III draft (2), Apr. 15, 1977. See Klein to Spitzer, Aug. 3, 1979 re “agoraphobia without panic attacks”: “I think that category is not likely to be used much anyway, since such people are extremely rare.” APA Archives, Williams Papers. Research, DSM-III-R, box 3; misc DSM-III files.
54. “Draft Version of DSM-III Classification as of March 1, 1976,” attached to “Progress Report on the Preparation of DSM-III,” March 1976; APA, Professional Affairs, box 17, folder 193 (70 #3).
55. “Draft of DSM-III Classification as of December 21, 1976,” Clayton Papers, box 30, folder 11, attached to Spitzer to Task Force, Dec. 20, 1976.
56. “Annotated Classification of DSM-III,” Nov. 15, 1979; Clayton Papers, box 30, folder 16.
57. “DSM-III Draft, first printing, 1/15/78”; foreword, ix; source: www.pmdocs.com, doc nos. 1000216651, 1000216662.
58. David V. Sheehan et al., “The Classification of Anxiety and Hysterical States. Part I. Historical Review and Empirical Delineation,” Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 2 (1982), 235–244, p. 242.
59. Juan Lopez Ibor, in Merton Sandler et al., Eds., 5-Hydroxytryptamine in Psychiatry: A Spectrum of Ideas (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991), discussion, 193. 5-Hydroxytryptamine is serotonin.
60. Robert Spitzer interview, “A Manual for Diagnosis and Statistics,” in David Healy, Ed., The Psychopharmacologists, Vol. 3 (London: Arnold, 2000), 415–430, p. 427. 61. Interview with George Arana by Max Fink, Charleston, South Carolina, Jan. 4,
2006, 12.