How Jesus Became God: The Exaltation of a Jewish Preacher From Galilee (54 page)

Gospels, 17, 86–98, 102, 126, 166, 286, 373
n
3

  
backward movement of Christology and, 236–44

  
baptism narratives, 237–40

  
birth narratives, 240–44

  
exaltation Christology, 236–46

  
incarnation Christology, 269–79, 297–98

  
problems and methods of historical Jesus, 87–98

  
resurrection narratives, 133–36, 140–43, 151–56, 162, 168–69, 181–83, 189–92

  
visions of Jesus, 189–92, 201–4

  
See also specific gospels

Goulder, Michael, 188–89

Graham, Billy, 86

Greece, ancient, 5, 13, 11–43, 47, 48, 49, 65, 72, 73, 81, 94, 264, 273

  
common graves used for criminals, 160–61

  
divine beings born of a god and a mortal, 22–24

  
divine pyramid, 40–42

  
gods who temporarily become human, 19–22

  
human who becomes divine, 25–38

  
models of divine humans, 18–43

Greek language, 88, 90, 227, 243, 245, 253–55, 263, 271, 303, 312, 351

Guggenheim, Bill and Judy, 196–97

Hades, 59

Hagar, 56, 250

hallucinations, 187, 189, 193–95, 202

Handel, Georg Friedrich,
Messiah
, 79, 132

HarperCollins Study Bible
, 57

healing, 148, 237

Hebrew, 88, 223, 243

Hebrew Bible, 51–52, 53, 54, 59, 60, 70–74, 76, 78, 81, 114, 116–17, 124, 126, 127, 141, 205, 208, 226, 250, 251, 261, 265, 278, 286–87, 381
n
12

Hengel, Martin, 158, 370–71

henotheism, 53

Hera, 40, 41

Hercules, 23–24, 241

heresiologists, 290, 303, 319

heresy, 8, 285, 286–321, 329, 335, 366, 382
n
2

  
adoptionists, 291–95, 302, 328, 335

  
of Apollinaris, 367–68

  
Arianism, 339–52, 356–57, 365, 366, 367

  
docetists, 295–302, 305, 328

  
in early church, 286–321, 326, 366–70

  
Gnostic, 178–80, 302–7, 309, 311, 324, 328

  
hetero-orthodoxies, 307–19

  
of Marcellus, 366–67

  
Marcionites, 300–302, 304, 305, 309, 311

  
modalism, 308–15, 335, 337

  
of Nestorius, 368–70

  
Origen, 315–19

  
path that denies divinity, 289–95

  
path that denies humanity, 295–302

  
path that denies unity, 302–7

  
terminology, 285, 287–88, 319

  
two-powers, 67–69

Hermes, 21

heterodoxy, 287–88, 319

hetero-orthodoxies, 307–19

Hezekiah, King, 80

Hierocles, 16–17

  
The Lover of Truth
, 16

Hinduism, 147, 285

Hippolytus, 290–91, 292, 303, 307, 309–15, 329, 335

  
modalism attacked by, 309–15

  
Refutation of All Heresies
, 291, 292, 309–11

Holocaust, 145

Homer, 40

  
Iliad
, 40

  
Odyssey
, 40

Horace, 158

  
Epistle
, 158

human realm, 4

  
angels who temporarily become human, 55–61

  
divine beings born of a god and a mortal, 22–24

  
divine humans in ancient Judaism, 47–84

  
fourth- and fifth-century views on, 325–26, 340–52, 356–70

  
gods who temporarily become human, 19–22, 249–82

  
human who becomes divine, 25–38, 76–82

  
Jesus as God on earth, 249–82

  
path that denies, 295–302

  
Roman and Greek models of human divinity, 18–43

  
second- and third-century views on, 285–321, 330–39

Hurtado, Larry, 61, 235

hymns, 216–17

hypostases, divine, 69–75, 83, 273–81

hypostasis (term), 69–70

hysteria, 188

Ignatius, 298–300

  
docetists opposed by, 298–300

imminence, 102

incarnation Christology, 8, 249–82, 295, 297–98

  
Adam and, 259–62

  
beyond, 282

  
exaltation Christology transformed into, 249–51, 282

  
in John, 249, 266, 269–79

  
in Letter to the Colossians, 280

  
in Letter to the Hebrews, 280–81

  
in Paul, 251–69, 270, 280

  
in Philippians Christ Poem, 253, 254–66, 267, 278, 281

independent attestation, criterion of, 95–96

Inquisition, 144

Iphicles, 24

Irenaeus, 303, 307

Islam, 38, 147, 199, 284–85

Israel, 51–52, 65–66, 98, 114–15, 116, 242, 261, 265, 301

  
king of, 76–80, 114, 119

Jacob, 58, 331, 332

Jairus, 205

James, 192, 203, 238, 291

Jaoel, 59

Jerome,
Dialogue Against Luciferians
, 357

Jerusalem, 45, 97, 114, 120, 134, 135, 136, 155, 159, 162, 166, 175, 228, 245

  
Jesus’s last Passover in, 120–21, 376
n
11

  
Temple, 114

Jesus Christ, 1–9, 28, 39

  
as Angel of the Lord, 250–54, 264, 267, 269, 278, 331–32

  
as an apocalypticist, 103–12, 118, 119, 121, 130, 185–86, 197, 203, 353–55

  
arrest and trial of, 45, 91, 122–23, 152, 161–63, 175

  
beginnings of Christology and, 211–46

  
burial by Joseph of Arimathea, 151–56, 163, 377
n
6

  
claims to be God, 124–28

  
conception of, 240–44

  
Council of Nicea and, 349–52, 357

  
crucifixion of,
see
crucifixion

  
divine realm and, 43–45, 61, 124–28, 206–10, 211–46, 247–82, 285–321, 330–52, 356–70

  
early heretic views on, 286–321, 366–70

  
empty tomb, 164–69, 184–86, 190, 206

  
evaluating earliest views of, 230–35

  
exalted to heaven, 218–46, 249–51, 266, 279, 282, 289, 308

  
as exalted Son of God, 244–46, 249–51

  
fourth- and fifth-century views on, 325–26, 340–52, 356–70

  
Gnostic view on, 178–80, 302–7

  
as God, 353–71

  
as God on earth, 249–82

  
heretical views of, 286–321

  
historical, 6, 49–50, 84, 85–128, 130, 132, 133–51

  
historical and cultural context, 98–102

  
incarnation Christology, 249–82, 295, 297–98

  
Judaism and, 50, 76, 98–128, 156–57, 161–63, 202–3, 205, 214, 220, 245, 268, 287, 290–91, 354, 360–65

  
as Logos of God, 332–34

  
of the Lord as God and human, 55–57, 72, 83, 250–54, 264, 267, 269, 278

  
as messiah, 113, 115–24, 206–10, 214, 218–30

  
messianic self-understanding, 118–24

  
parallels to Apollonius story, 12–18

  
Passover in Jerusalem, 120–21, 376
n
11

  
problems and methods of historical Jesus, 87–98

  
raising of mortal body, 180–83

  
raising of spirit, 178–80

  
raising of spiritual body, 176–78

  
resurrection of,
see
resurrection

  
as second Adam, 259–62

  
second- and third-century views of, 283–321, 330–39

  
self-image of, 112–18

  
as Son of God at his baptism, 237–40, 289–95

  
as Son of God at his birth, 240–44

  
visions of, 183–204, 379
n
20

Jewish Apocrypha, 71–72

John, 238, 296

1 John, 296

  
docetists and, 296–98

John, Gospel of, 4, 5, 8, 86, 87, 90–92, 94–97, 103, 105, 124–25, 246, 248–49, 269–79, 297–98, 300, 312, 327, 332, 381
n
14

  
elevated teachings about Jesus in, 271–72

  
incarnation Christology, 249, 266, 269–79

  
Jesus’s claims of divinity in, 124–25, 271–72

  
Prologue, 272, 273–79, 297

  
resurrection narrative, 134–36, 142, 156, 162, 169, 182, 183, 190, 191, 192, 202, 205

John the Baptist, 96, 97, 99, 110–11, 203, 238, 266, 274

  
apocalyptic message of, 110–11

Joseph, 241

Joseph of Arimathea, 7, 142, 150, 151–52, 225

  
burial of Jesus, 151–56, 163, 377
n
6

Josephus, 94, 162

  
Antiquities of the Jews
, 162–63

Judah, 242

Judaism, ancient, 3, 5, 9, 18, 24, 38, 39, 44, 45, 47–84, 147, 161–63, 250, 264–65, 286–87, 290, 360–65

  
in the ancient world, 50–51

  
angels in, 55–64, 250

  
apocalypticism, 99–102, 118, 119, 121, 130, 197, 203, 354, 378
n
8

  
divine beings who beget semidivine beings, 62–64

  
divine beings who temporarily become human, 55–61

  
divine humans in, 47–84

  
divine hypostases, 69–75

  
divine men, 83–84

  
Ebionites and, 290–91

  
ethical codes, 50–52

  
festivals, 50, 120, 159

  
God Christ and, 360–65

  
humans who become divine, 76–82

  
Jesus and, 50, 76, 98–128, 156–57, 161–63, 202–3, 205, 214, 220, 245, 268, 287, 290–91, 354, 360–65

  
Jesus as messiah, 113, 115–24, 206–10, 214

  
king of Israel, 76–80, 114, 119

  
kosher food laws, 50, 51, 361

  
messiah, 113–15

  
Moses as God, 80–82

  
persecution of, 363–64

  
resurrection and, 156–57, 161–63, 214

  
ritual practices, 50, 51, 113, 156–57, 290, 361–64

  
Son of Man, 64–68, 83, 106–9, 113, 118, 119, 209

  
spectrum of divinity in, 52–55

  
synagogues, 363–64

  
two powers in heaven, 67–69

  
widespread beliefs, 51–52

Judas Iscariot, 109, 119–22

Judea, 6, 114, 120–21, 135, 161–62

judgment, 101

Juno, 32

Jupiter, 19–20, 23, 24, 27, 32, 40, 78

Justin Martyr, 293, 330–34

  
Apologies
, 330–34

  
Dialogue with Trypho
, 330–34

Juvenal, 158

  
Satires
, 158

king of Israel, 76–80, 114, 119, 209

Kunst, Christiane, 233

L, 95, 96, 97, 103, 125, 249, 270

  
on Jesus’s apocalyptic message, 104

Laodice, 34

Laurentin, René, 198–99

Lazarus, 203, 205

Licinius, 345

Licona, Mike, 188

“The Little Labyrinth,” 292–94

Livy, 25

  
History of Rome
, 25, 26, 27

Locrians, 160

Logie, Kenneth, 200–201

Logos, 70, 72–75, 273, 274–78, 281, 340–41, 368

  
Jesus as Logos of God, 332–34

Lord (term), 228

Losch, M. E., 193

Lot, 72

Lourdes, France, 199

Lucian of Samosata, 42

  
The Passing of Peregrinus
, 35–38

Lüdemann, Gerd, 188

Luke and his earlier traditions, 229–30

Luke, Gospel of, 4, 90–92, 94–97, 103, 125, 239, 246, 248, 251, 270, 291

  
baptism in, 239–40

  
birth of Jesus in, 240–41, 242, 243

  
resurrection narrative, 134–36, 143, 153–54, 156, 162, 169, 181–85, 190–92, 202

Lutheranism, 130, 285

Lystra, 21

M, 95, 96, 97, 103, 107, 125, 249, 270

  
on Jesus’s apocalyptic message, 104

Macedonia, 214

Marcellus of Ancyra, 366–67

Marcion, 300–302, 304, 305, 309, 311, 324

Marcus Ancius, 27

Mark, Gospel of, 4, 5, 90–92, 94–97, 102, 103, 107, 123, 125, 138, 239, 246, 248, 249, 251, 270, 305, 377
n
6, 383
n
11

  
baptism in, 238–39

  
on Jesus’s apocalyptic message, 103

  
resurrection narrative, 134–36, 142, 151–56, 165, 166–68, 184, 190, 205

Mars, 25, 27, 32, 78

Martin, Dale, 48

Mary, 18, 24, 134, 144, 150, 191, 192, 226, 241, 368–69

  
birth of Jesus, 241–43

  
visions of, 198–99, 202

Mary Magdalene, 134, 152, 184–85, 190, 191, 192, 213

matter, 73, 74

  
Logos and, 73–74

Matthew, Gospel of, 4, 90–92, 94–97, 103, 107–9, 125, 127, 215, 248, 251, 270, 291, 312, 383
n
11