How Jesus Became God: The Exaltation of a Jewish Preacher From Galilee (55 page)

  
birth of Jesus in, 242–44

  
resurrection narrative, 134–36, 142, 143, 156, 162, 168–69, 190, 206

McKellar, P., 193

Media, 65

Mediterranean, 214, 218

Meier, John,
A Marginal Jew
, 87–88

Melito, 360–62

Mercury, 19–20, 40

messiah, 67, 113–24

  
Jesus as, 113, 115–24, 206–10, 214, 218–30

  
Jewish, 113–15

  
terminology, 67, 113–15

metallurgy, 63

Methodism, 130, 285

Methusaleh, 60

Metzger, Bruce, 155

  
“Names for the Nameless,” 155

Meyer, Paul, 216

Michael, 54, 60, 64

Middle Ages, 188

Milan, 364

miracles, 147–48, 165, 174, 199, 238

modalism, 308–15, 335, 337

Mohammed, 131

monotheism, 24, 49, 51, 53, 83, 235

  
Jewish, 51–55

Montefiore, Hugh, 200

Moody Bible Institute, 85–86, 132

Mormonism, 85, 131, 147

Moroni, 147

mortal body, raising of, 180–83

Moses, 51, 56–57, 60–61, 83, 98, 120, 124, 126, 131, 162, 239, 250, 258, 261, 277, 331, 361

  
as God, 80–82

Mount Hermon, 63

Mount Horeb, 57

Mount Sinai, 57

Muslims, 38, 147, 199, 284–85

Mytilene, 39, 40

Nag Hammadi, 179, 303, 305–6

Nag Hammadi Library, 303–4

Narrative of Joseph of Arimathea
, 150

Nazareth, 44, 97, 352

near-death experiences, 149

Nephilim, 62–63

Nero, 16, 158, 203

Nestorius, 368–70

New Testament, 2, 6, 8, 11, 17, 18, 21, 44, 54, 86, 89–98, 110, 126, 127, 130, 133, 138, 155, 161, 181, 187–88, 191, 200, 215, 216, 239, 248, 251, 262, 273, 281, 286, 293, 295, 301, 356, 383
n
1

  
after the, 283–321

  
problems and methods of historical Jesus, 87–98

  
See also
Gospels;
specific books

Nicene Creed, 2, 9, 323–25, 350–52, 357, 366, 367

Nicodemus, 156

Noah, 60, 62

Novatian, 335–37

  
Trinity
, 336, 337

objectivity, 172–73

Octavian.
See
Augustus, Caesar

Old Testament, 51–52, 286, 301, 305, 331, 332, 333, 340.
See also
Hebrew Bible;
specific books

Olympias, 22–23

oral traditions, 91–93, 96, 102, 136, 166, 216, 244–45, 379
n
21

Origen of Alexandria, 292, 315–19, 383
n
17

  
On First Principles
, 316, 318

orthodoxy, 8, 285, 286–89, 315–16, 319, 323–52, 360, 365, 368

  
Arian controversy, 344–52, 356–57, 365, 366, 367

  
of Dionysius of Rome, 337–39

  
in early church, 286–321, 323–52

  
hetero-orthodoxies, 307–19

  
of Justin Martyr, 330–34

  
of Novatian, 335–37

  
paradoxes, 326–52

  
terminology, 285, 287–88, 319

Ossius, 348

Ovid, 19–20

  
Metamorphoses
, 19–20

paganism, 3, 4, 5, 12–18, 43, 49, 51, 53, 54, 55, 62, 63, 64, 83, 94, 214, 240–41, 285, 345, 346, 358–60, 363

  
God Christ and, 358–60

  
Roman and Greek models of human divinity, 18–43

Palestine, 45, 49, 69, 88, 91, 105, 223, 341, 354

paradoxes, ortho-, 326–52

Pascal, 283–84

Pascal’s Wager, 283–85

Passover, 120–21, 159, 360–61

  
seder, 120

Paul, 11, 17, 21–22, 89, 108, 111, 127, 154, 188, 213–15, 236, 239, 246, 251–69, 280, 281, 295–96, 300, 310, 376
n
4, 378
n
2, 379
n
21

  
beliefs of, 213–18

  
exaltation Christology, 218–30

  
incarnation Christology, 251–69, 270, 280

  
resurrection narrative, 133, 136–43, 153, 154, 165, 166, 176–78, 181–83

  
visions of Jesus, 188, 192, 202, 203, 214

Pauline letters.
See specific texts

Pentecost, 135, 227

Pentecostalism, 148

Peppard, Michael, 28, 232

  
The Son of God in the Roman World
, 232–33

Peregrinus, 34–38

Persia, 65

pessimism, 100

Peter, 17, 90, 94, 127, 140, 154, 179–80, 188, 190, 219, 227, 228, 238, 306

  
visions of Jesus, 188, 190, 192, 203

Peter, Gospel of, 94, 95

Petronius,
Satyricon
, 158

Pharisees, 99, 110, 205

Philemon, 19–20, 21, 22

Philip, 124

Philip, King of Macedonia, 22–23, 160

Philippians, 215, 253–66, 296

  
Adam and, 259–62

  
Christ Poem, 254–66, 381
n
8

  
incarnation Christology, 253, 254–66, 267, 278, 281

  
as pre-Pauline tradition, 255–58

Philo of Alexandria, 73–75, 81–82, 158–69, 163, 276

  
Agriculture
, 75

  
Changing of Names
, 75

  
Dreams
, 75

  
Embassy to Gaius
, 163

  
Life of Moses
, 81–82

  
on Logos, 73–75

  
Questions on Exodus
, 82

  
Questions on Genesis
, 75

  
Sacrifices of Abel and Cain
, 81, 82

  
The Worse Attacks, the Better
, 81

Philostratus, 12, 13, 373
n
3

  
Life of Apollonius of Tyana
, 14, 15

Phrygia, 19–20, 21

Pilate, Pontius, 6, 15, 45, 96, 119, 122–23, 152, 154, 156, 161–64, 246, 325

  
policies of, 161–64

Plato, 24, 73, 74, 75, 373
n
6, 383
n
16

  
on Logos, 73, 74, 273

Plautus,
Amphytrion
, 23–24

Pliny the Younger, 233

Plutarch, 22–23

polytheism, 39, 41, 83, 338

Posey, T. B., 193

powers, 54, 83

Prayer of Joseph
, 48

preliterary traditions, 216–18, 226, 229–30, 236, 240, 273–74

pre-Pauline tradition, 138–40, 218, 221, 255–59

  
Philippians poem as, 255–59

Presbyterianism, 130, 285

presuppositions, 144–50

Priene, 47–49

Princeton Epigraphy Project, 47–49

Princeton Theological Seminary, 86

Princeton University, 47

principalities, 54, 83

Proculus Julius, 26

Prologue of John, 272, 273–79, 297

Proteus, 14, 18, 38

pyramid, divine, 40–42, 54

Pythagoras, 13

Q, 95, 96, 103, 109, 110, 125, 249, 270

  
on Jesus’s apocalyptic message, 104

Quintilian, 31

  
Institutes of Oratory
, 31

Quirinus, 27

Ram’el, 63

rape, 62

Raphael, 54

reason, 172, 333

resurrection, 6–7, 91, 116–18, 129–69, 171–210, 214, 218, 240, 244, 246, 289, 378
n
2, 378
n
8

  
apologists, 172–73, 199

  
belief of disciples and, 174–83, 204–10

  
debate, 129–69

  
“doubt tradition” and, 189–92

  
empty tomb, 164–69, 184–86, 190, 206

  
exaltation of Jesus, 218–36, 237, 239, 249–51, 266

  
Gospel narratives, 133–36, 140, 141, 142, 143, 151–56, 162, 168–69, 181–83, 189–92

  
historians and, 132–33, 143–51

  
outcome of faith, 204–10

  
Paul on, 133, 136–43, 153, 154, 165, 166, 176–78, 181–83

  
raising of mortal body, 180–83

  
raising of spirit, 178–80

  
of spiritual body, 176–78

  
visions of Jesus, 183–204

  
what we can know, 171–210

  
what we cannot know, 129–69

  
women at the tomb, 166–68, 184–85, 191

Ricardo, Monsignor Pio Bello, 198

Roberts, Oral, 148

Rohmer, Eric, films by, 283, 284

Roma, 30, 32

Roman Adoptionists, 291–95

Roman Catholicism, 39, 144, 147

Romans, 166, 215, 218–25, 260, 267, 268, 295, 310

  
exaltation of Jesus, 218–25

Rome, ancient, 5, 9, 11–43, 49, 78, 82, 92, 94, 112, 116, 119–23, 126, 144, 153, 219, 245, 291, 293, 298, 358

  
adoption in, 232–34

  
burial practices for criminals, 156–65

  
Christians and, 291–95, 309–11, 330, 339–60, 384
n
8

  
common graves used for criminals, 160–61

  
divine beings born of a god and a mortal, 22–24

  
divine pyramid, 40–42

  
emperor cult, 30–34, 49, 234

  
founding of, 27

  
gods who temporarily become human, 19–22

  
human who becomes divine, 25–38

  
Jesus and, 119–23, 143–65, 219–25, 232–34, 245–46, 264

  
models of divine humans, 18–43

  
practices of crucifixion, 156–60

  
resurrection and, 143–69

Romulus, 25–27, 144, 240

Ruether, Rosemary,
Faith and Fratricide
, 363

Rutgers University, 47, 247

Sabbath, 98, 157

Sabellius, 337–38, 366

Sabines, 27

Sacks, Oliver,
Hallucinations
, 194

Sadducees, 120, 121

salvation, 108–9, 112, 214, 285, 306–7

Sanders, E. P., 88

Sanhedrin, 152, 154, 155, 156, 163, 225

Sarah, 56

Sardis, 360

satire, 35

Saul, 76, 114

Sayings Source, 95

scavenging animals, 157–61, 163

schizophrenia, 194

science, 145, 172

Sebastos, 30

Segal, Alan, 68–69

semidivine beings, divine beings who beget, 62–64

Semitism, 223

Semyaz, 63

separationist Christology, 305–7, 309

seraphim, 54, 83

sex, 62, 63, 241

Sibylline Oracles
, 203

Sidgewick, H. A., 193, 194

Similitudes, 66–67

Sirach, 60–61, 276

slavery, 120, 361, 363

Smith, Daniel, 143

Smith, Joseph, 147

Smyrna, 299

snakes, 29, 259

Socrates, 42, 333

Sodom and Gomorrah, 72

Solomon, King, 71–72, 76, 114

Son of Man, in ancient Judaism, 64–68, 83, 101, 106–9, 113, 118, 119, 209

source monitoring, 194

Spain, 218

spirit, raising of, 178–80

spiritual body, raising of, 176–78

staircase parallelism, 273–74

Stark, Rodney, 131

Stoics, 73–74, 273

Suetonius, 160

  
Lives of the Caesars
, 27–30, 160

Sun God, 14

supernatural, 143–44, 148, 149, 174, 188, 193, 194

Surafel, 64

Synoptic Gospels, 94–95, 102, 103, 249, 252, 270

Syria, 242, 298, 349

systematic theology, 316

Tacitus, 160

  
Annals
, 160–61

Tam’el, 63

technology, 172

Ten Commandments, 50, 51, 53, 55

Tertullian, 300, 303, 307, 310–15, 329

  
Against Praxeas
, 310–15

  
modalism attacked by, 310–15

Thebes, 23

Theodosius I, 346, 363, 364

Theodotians, 291–95

Theodotus, 291–95

theological ortho-paradox, 328–52

Thomas, doubting, 16, 182, 190, 327

Thomas, Gospel of, 94, 95, 105

Thrace, 29

Thucydides,
Peloponnesian War
, 154

Tien, A. Y., 194

Titus, the emperor, 31

Tobin, Thomas, 275, 276

Torah, 51–52, 53, 80, 113, 121

Trajan, 233

Tralles, 299

Trinity, 309–11, 313–15, 329, 334, 335–39, 353, 356–57

  
terminology, 311

Trinity Evangelical Covenant Church, Chicago, 86, 87

Turkey, 47–49, 214, 349

two-powers heresy, 67–69

Tyana, 12, 14

unity, path that denies, 302–7

University of North Carolina, 48, 145, 247

Uriel, 58

Venezuela, 198

Venus, 27, 32

Vermes, Geza, 88

Vespasian, 31

Vestal Virgins, 25

Victor, Bishop, 293

Virgin Mary.
See
Mary

visions, 183–204

  
bereavement, 195–97

  
broader perspective, 193–95

  
of esteemed religious figures, 197–201

  
importance to resurrection faith, 184–86

  
of Jesus, 183–204, 379
n
20

  
of Mary, 198–99, 202

  
in the modern world, 200–201

  
nonveridical, 187, 193

  
terminology, 186–89

  
veridical, 187, 193

Vollenweider, Samuel, 263

Watchers, 63–64, 66

Wiebe, Phillip H.,
Visions of Jesus
, 200–201

Wisdom, 70–72, 74, 75, 267–68, 276, 280, 281, 316, 317, 318, 340