Hunting Eichmann (50 page)

[>]
 "The Nazis lost": Levy, p. 122.
"prolonging the concentration camp": Ibid., p. 123.
His compatriot: Friedman,
The Hunter,
pp. 185–209.
"You've sunk yourself": Ibid., p. 193.

[>]
 "Tadek": Ibid., pp. 208–9; Levy, p. 122.
"There are some people": CZA, Z 6/842, Letter from Simon Wiesenthal to Nahum Goldmann, March 30, 1954; Wiesenthal,
The Murderers Among Us,
p. 123.

[>]
 Upon his return: Pick, pp. 131–35; Wiesenthal,
The Murderers Among Us,
p. 124; Levy, pp. 123–24.
"I have been dealing": CZA, Z 6/842, Letter from Simon Wiesenthal to Nahum Goldmann, March 30, 1954.

[>]
 "This is of great": Pick, pp. 136, 137.
"We are not": NA, RG 263, Adolf Eichmann Name File (CIA), Appeal to DCI by Mr. Adolph Berle and Rabbi Kalmanowitz, October 20, 1953.
According to a secret CIC report in March 1952, the same lack of interest in pursuing Eichmann was stated as the policy of the CIC. At this time, however, the U.S. government was not nearly as blunt. The report states, "In view of the Subject's [Eichmann] reputation and the interest voiced by elements other than the US in his location and apprehension, it is felt that a disinterest in his arrest by U.S. authorities at this time might not be recommendable. Consequently, in reference to the inquiry submitted by Austrian police authorities, it may be advisable to confirm continued interest in [the] Subject's apprehension." See NA, RG 319, IRR, Adolf Eichmann, CIC Report from 430th CIC operations headquarters on Adolf Eichmann, March 31, 1952.
"The time has come": Wighton,
Adenauer,
p. 310.

[>]
 Kalmanowitz had passed: NA, RG 263, Adolf Eichmann Name File (CIA), Letter from Simon Wiesenthal to Dr. Goldmann, March 30, 1954.
Dispirited by: CZA, Z 6/863, Letter from Simon Wiesenthal to Dr. Goldmann, September 21, 1954.
Soon after: Wiesenthal,
The Murderers Among Us,
p. 124.
"We've got other problems": Wiesenthal,
Justice Not Vengeance,
p. 74.

CHAPTER 8

[>]
 Nick was tall:
Clarin,
May 27, 1960.
Sylvia was also attractive: Friedman,
The Blind Man;
A. Kleinert, AI.
"It would have been": Harel, p. 17.
What his dinner guest: A. Hahn, AI; A. Kleinert, AI.

[>]
 Even after six years: "Interview with Klaus Eichmann."
As he had done: Lauryssens, p. 92.
Willem Sassen: S. Sassen, AI.

[>]
 "I would like": BArch, Sassen Transcripts, 6/110, pp. 9–10.
Eichmann paused: Hausner, p. 83.

[>]
 "real hot story": "Life and Eichmann."
After the war: Groeneveld, pp. 358–66; Lauryssens, p. 48; Goñi, pp. 239–40.
Sassen and Eichmann: P. Probierzym, AI; Hausner, p. 10; Rassinier, pp. 144–47; Lauryssens, p. 72.
"Let us write": Hausner, p. 10.
So began their sessions: S. Sassen, AI.

[>]
 "I sat at my desk": Lauryssens, p. 77.
"We used the Warsaw": Cesarani, p. 165.
"I sent my": Lauryssens, p. 77.
He continued with: BArch, Sassen Transcripts, 6/95.

[>]
 He rented his modest: AGN, Martin Bormann File; "Eichmann in Germany"; Goñi, p. 303.
"Beware of Klement": "Interview with Klaus Eichmann."
When Eichmann lost: Ibid.; Harris, p. 216.

[>]
 Eichmann was a quiet: R. Tonet interview,
IMAE.
One night, he snatched: Hull, pp. 99–101.
Nor was he pleased: Von Lang,
Eichmann Interrogated,
pp. 286–90.
Klaus was more interested: Lauryssens, p. 101.
Eichmann's only wish: Lawson.
In Coronel Suárez: A. Hahn, AI; A. Kleinert, AI; Dr. E. Palenzola, AI; Harel, pp. 16–19; Friedman,
The Blind Man.

[>]
 Lothar knew that he: AdsD, Nachlass Fritz Bauer, Box 1, Letter from Lothar Hermann to Fritz Bauer, June 25, 1960.
Born in Stuttgart: Fröhlich, pp. 11–14; Perels and Wojak, pp. 9–17.

[>]
 In December 1956: HHStAW, 461/32440/File 2, Arrest Warrant for Adolf Eichmann, December 12, 1956.
He charged his senior: HHStAW, 461/32440/File 2, Letter from Institute of Contemporary History, Munich, to Senior Public Prosecutor, Frankfurt on the Main, May 13, 1957; HHStAW, 461/32440/File 2, Letter from State Police, Buchen County, to Senior Public Prosecutor, Frankfurt on the Main, May 31, 1957; HHStAW, 461/32440/File 2, Letter from Federal Office of Criminal Investigations to Senior Public Prosecutor, Frankfurt on the Main, July 8, 1957; AdsD, Nachlass Fritz Bauer, Box 1, Letter from Lothar Hermann to Fritz Bauer, June 25, 1960.

[>]
 Wearing a blue dress: A. Hahn, AI; A. Kleinert, AI; Friedman,
The Blind Man;
Harel, pp. 18–19. To recount the scene of Sylvia Hermann's visit to the Eichmann house, I drew on these four primary sources, which contradict one another on various levels. What is beyond doubt is that Hermann found the address of Adolf Eichmann and presented herself at the house to see if Nick's father was indeed the Nazi war criminal, an act of tremendous courage.

CHAPTER 9

[>]
 On September 19: Vogel, pp. 55, 62.
"Eichmann has been": Harel, p. 4.
Bauer knew well: Perels and Wojak, p. 14; Shpiro,
Geheimdienste in der Weltgeschichte,
p. 306.
Although Chancellor: Schwarz, pp. 429–31; Fulbrook, pp. 60–61.

[>]
 Bauer detested the fact: NA, RG 263, Adolf Eichmann Name File (CIA), The Eichmann Trial and Allegations Against Secretary State Globke, February 7, 1961.
This is an extraordinary report from the American consul in Frankfurt. It reveals that Bauer, with the backing of Zinn, helped the Israelis capture Eichmann. It also reveals that Bauer hoped to use the capture of Eichmann to bring down Globke. Bauer hoped that Eichmann could corroborate testimony that Globke was involved in the deportation of Greek Jews.
Before making any move: Harel, pp. xviii-xix; Wojak, pp. 39–41; HHStAW, 461/32440/File 2, Letter to Senior Public Prosecutor, Frankfurt on the Main, from Federal Office of Criminal Investigations, July 8, 1957.
"I'll be perfectly frank": Producer's Notes,
HAE.

[>]
 Not far from: A. Shalom, AI; Y. Gat, AI; Bar-Zohar,
Spies in the Promised Land,
p. 156; Bar-Zohar,
The Avengers,
p. 161.
On a late September day: Harel, pp. 1–2.

[>]
 The pursuit of war criminals: A. Shalom, AI; Fried, pp. 91–96; Bower, pp. 393–94.
The Mossad's lack: Fried, pp. 1–4; Douglas, pp. 154–56; Yablonka, p. 12.
Little mention: Zeev Eckstein, Kasztner's killer, was a paid informant of the Shin Bet, leading to accusations that the security services were behind the assassination, an unsubstantiated, unlikely scenario that Harel bitterly denied. Note Black and Benny, pp. 154–56.
Harel was the youngest: Bar-Zohar,
Spies in the Promised Land,
pp. 3–40; Black and Benny, pp. 25–47; Steven, pp. 36–46.

[>]
 In 1947: Deacon, p. 56.
"Abdullah is going": Derogy and Carmel, pp. 84–85.
Two months later: Steven, pp. 15–16.
"You ought to resign": Bar-Zohar,
Spies in the Promised Land,
p. 98.
"The past is over": Thomas, p. 40.
Over the next: Black and Benny, pp. 131, 161–68.

[>]
 With his successes: Steven, p. 63.
Harel was haunted: Harel, pp. 2–3.
He read transcripts: Diamant, Manuscript; Bower, p. 393.
Here was a man: Harel, pp. 2–3.

[>]
 First, Isser Harel: Ibid., pp. 4–9.
He had made separate: HHStAW, 461/32440/File 2, Investigation of Maria Liebl, From State Police of Buchen to Frankfurt Senior Public Prosecutor, June 9, 1957.

[>]
 Soon after: Harel, pp. 10–12; Aharoni,
On Life and Death,
p. 117.

[>]
 When Shaul Darom: Harel, pp. 12–13.
The Mossad chief: ISA, 3037/2-a, Biography of Hofstetter, March 21, 1961.
At the end: Harel, pp. 14–15.
He was greeted: Documentary Interview Notes,
HAE;
Y. Gat, AI; L. Volk, AI.

[>]
 Ilani inquired around: A. Kleinert, AI.
"My name is": Harel, pp. 16–22; AdsD, Nachlass Fritz Bauer, Box 1, Letter from Lothar Hermann to Fritz Bauer, June 25, 1960.

CHAPTER 10

[>]
 On April 8: Harel, pp. 24–26; AdsD, Nachlass Fritz Bauer, Box 1, Letter from Lothar Hermann to Fritz Bauer, June 25, 1960; ISA, 6384/4-g, Letter from Lothar Hermann to Tuviah Friedman, June 5, 1960.

[>]
 The letter from Lothar: Harel, pp. 26–27.
Harel had made: A. Shalom, AI.
"if you showed Isser": Bar-Zohar,
Spies in the Promised Land,
pp. 106–7.

[>]
 If this proved: CZA, C 10/3702, Memo from Institute of Jewish Affairs, Report 8a; NA, RG 263, Adolf Eichmann Name File (CIA), Adolf Karl Eichmann, FBI Memorandum, September 15, 1948; ISA, 3017/8-a, Notice on June 7, 1951.
He uncovered: Derogy and Carmel, p. 155.
Given the Mossad's: Aharoni,
On Life and Death,
pp. 117–22; Y. Gat, AI. Although Isser Harel claimed in his autobiography that he never lost interest in the Bauer tip, it is clear from the evidence and the testimony of agents who later participated in the operation to capture Eichmann in 1960 that Harel did indeed shelve the dossier.
At the end of August: Harel, p. 27.
"Sometimes you put together": A. Shalom, AI.

[>]
 Some months before: NA, RG 263, Adolf Eichmann Name File (CIA), Near Eastern Connections, March 19, 1958.
Both organizations: Breitman et al.; Simpson. These two books provide a comprehensive examination of the CIA and German recruitment of former Nazis and benefited greatly from the Nazi War Crimes Disclosure Act (1998), which declassified tens of thousands of U.S. intelligence records.
"born in Israel": NA, RG 263, Adolf Eichmann Name File (CIA), Near Eastern Connections, March 19, 1958.
Simultaneous with these: Wojak, pp. 30–31.

[>]
 Neither of them: This conjecture that the BND and the CIA wanted to protect Globke is based on the fact that once Eichmann was captured, these organizations made strident attempts to excise any mention of Globke from Eichmann's memoirs, which were coming to light. See NA, RG 263, Adolf Eichmann File (CIA), CIA Cables, September 16–20, 1960.
In San Fernando: "Interview with Klaus Eichmann";
La Razon,
April 24, 1961;
Ahora,
June 6, 1960; Aharoni and Dietl, pp. 100–102.

[>]
 After a series: "Eichmann File," Tribunales Federales de Comodoro Py, Buenos Aires.
Jorge Antonio: Weber.
In
Hitler: The Last Ten Days:
Von Lang,
Eichmann Interrogated,
p. 287.
"The author should be": Ibid., p. 288.

[>]
 "1. Every man": Ibid.
Eichmann was increasingly: P. Probierzym, AI.
"I am growing tired": Von Lang,
Eichmann Interrogated,
pp. 291–92.

CHAPTER 11

[>]
 At dusk on Saturday: Friedman,
The Hunter,
pp. 13–15.
When Friedman had first: Ibid., pp. 208–20.

[>]
 Schüle was the director: Fulbrook, p. 69.
Friedman had sent Schüle: ISA, 6384/4-g, Letter from Erwin Schüle to Tuviah Friedman, August 20, 1959; Friedman,
Die Korrespondenz,
Letter from Tuviah Friedman to Erwin Schüle, August 13, 1959; ISA, 3086/12-hz, Foreign Ministry Letter from Mr. T. Miron to Mr. Tzur, October 10, 1959.
He strode over: Friedman,
The Hunter,
pp. 236–50; ISA, 3086/12-hz, Letter from L. Savir to Dr. Shinar, October 23, 1959; Wojak, p. 33.

[>]
 "issue the orders": Friedman,
The Hunter,
p. 251.
"completely incorrect": ISA, 6384/4-g, Letter from Lothar Hermann to Tuviah Friedman, October 17, 1959.

[>]
 According to his source: Harel, p. 32.
Bauer had resolved: Z. Aharoni interview,
IMAE;
Aharoni,
On Life and Death,
pp. 123–26; Wojak, pp. 40–41.
Bauer could not reveal: Despite many efforts in Germany and Israel to uncover the identity of this source, I was unable to prove many of the abundant theories on his or her identity. Stan Lauryssens, the author of a biography on Sassen, presents the idea that Sassen was the informant (based largely on the confirmed fact that Sassen later worked with the Mossad on finding Mengele). See Lauryssens. Others state that the information came from captured Nazi smugglers in Austria or a fugitive Nazi who wanted to get back at Eichmann for past wrongs. See Derogy and Carmel; Hausner. I suspect that the information came from an agent in the German intelligence services (likely from a fugitive Nazi in Argentina), particularly given the continued silence on the subject.

[>]
 In June: NA, RG 263, Adolf Eichmann Name File (CIA), Extradition Case of Nazi Josef Mengele, June 24, 1960; AGN, Josef Mengele File, Federal Police Report on Mengele, July 19, 1959; Posner and Ware, pp. 125–32; Astor, p. 169.
Since Werner Junkers: Goñi, p. 290.
Bauer had since: Friedman,
Die Korrespondenz,
Letter from Erwin Schüle to Tuviah Friedman, October 1959.
On the road: Z. Aharoni interview,
IMAE;
Aharoni,
On Life and Death,
pp. 121–25; Producer's Notes,
HAE.

[>]
 Both German Jews: Aharoni,
On Life and Death,
pp. 142–47; Segev, pp. 263–64.
"This is simply unbelievable": Aharoni,
On Life and Death,
p. 123.

[>]
 "I want Zvi": Ibid., p. 125.
Harel agreed: Z. Aharoni interview,
IMAE;
Harel, pp. 32–37.
Though equal in height: Bar-Zohar,
Spies in the Promised Land,
p. 110.

[>]
 Haim Cohen joined them: Harel, p. 37.
"Prevent Bauer": Derogy and Carmel, p. 177.
Harel had already: Shpiro,
Geheimdienste in der Weltgeschichte.
Ben-Gurion was unequivocal: Wojak, p. 40; Yablonka, pp. 46–47; Harel, p. 38.

[>]
 "Isser will deal": Bar-Zohar,
Ben Gurion,
p. 1374.
Three weeks later: NA, RG 263, Nazis/West Germany/Post WWII, Current Intelligence Weekly Summary, February 18, 1960; Williams, p. 478.
"evoked pictures": Tetens, p. 149.
Chancellor Adenauer promptly: NA, RG 263, Nazis/West Germany/Post WWII, Current Intelligence Weekly Summary, February 18, 1960;
Time,
January 20, 1960; Fulbrook, p. 63; Tetens, pp. 42–60; Prittie, pp. 278–81.