Ice Ship: The Epic Voyages of the Polar Adventurer Fram (40 page)

NOTES

       
PROLOGUE AND CHAPTER 1: EEL AND ELEPHANT

   
1
  Fridtjof Nansen,
Farthest North: Being the Record of a Voyage of Exploration of the Ship
Fram
, 1893–96, and of a Fifteen Months’ Sleigh Journey by Dr. Nansen and Lieut. Johansen, with an Appendix by Otto Sverdrup Captain of the
Fram (Westminster, UK: Archibald Constable and Company, 1897), I:21.

   
2
  Nansen,
Farthest North
, I:29.

   
3
  George Nares, quoted in Nansen,
Farthest North
, I:44–45.

   
4
  Roland Huntford,
Nansen: The Explorer as Hero
(1997; New York: Barnes & Noble Books, 1998), chaps. 23, 25, 28.

   
5
  Nansen,
Farthest North
, I:65.

   
6
  Colin Archer, “The Fram,” in
The Norwegian North Polar Expedition, 1893–1896: Scientific Results
, ed. Fridtjof Nansen, 1–16 (London: Longmans, Green, 1900), I:5.

   
7
  Nansen,
Farthest North
, I:69.

       
PART I: THE FIRST EXPEDITION, 1893–1896

   
1
  Nansen,
Farthest North
, I:85–86.

   
2
  Huntford,
Nansen
, 547.

   
3
  Jerry Kobalenko,
The Horizontal Everest: Extreme Journeys on Ellesmere Island
(Toronto: BPS Books, 2002), 92.

   
4
  Nansen,
Farthest North
, I:96.

   
5
  Nansen,
Farthest North
, I:100–101.

   
6
  Nansen,
Farthest North
, I:191–92.

   
7
  Nansen,
Farthest North
, I:214.

   
8
  Nansen,
Farthest North
, I:216–17.

   
9
  Nansen,
Farthest North
, I:414–15.

  
10
  Nansen’s December 28, 1894, diary entry, in
Farthest North
, II:33.

  
11
  Nansen’s January 4, 1895, diary entry, in
Farthest North
, II:45.

  
12
  Otto Sverdrup, in his section of
Farthest North
, II:520.

  
13
  Scott-Hansen diary entry, in Huntford,
Nansen
, 257.

  
14
  Scott-Hansen diary entry, in Huntford,
Nansen
, 260.

  
15
  Sverdrup, in his section of
Farthest North
, II:538.

  
16
  Sverdrup, in his section of
Farthest North
, II:553.

  
17
  Sverdrup, in his section of
Farthest North
, II:620–22.

  
18
  Sverdrup, in his section of
Farthest North
, II:625.

  
19
  Letter of Skjervøy telegraph station chief, cited by Sverdrup, in his section of
Farthest North
, II:626.

  
20
  Nansen,
Farthest North
, II:511.

  
21
  Nansen,
Farthest North
, II:120.

  
22
  Nansen,
Farthest North
, II:138.

  
23
  Nansen’s April 8, 1895, diary entry, in
Farthest North
, II:142.

  
24
  Nansen’s May 19, 1895, diary entry, in
Farthest North
, II:184.

  
25
  Nansen’s July 24, 1895, diary entry, in
Farthest North
, II:276.

  
26
  Nansen’s August 5, 1895, diary entry, in
Farthest North
, II:288.

  
27
  Nansen’s August 15, 1895, diary entry, in
Farthest North
, II:305.

  
28
  Nansen,
Farthest North
, II:379.

  
29
  Nansen’s December 24, 1895, diary entry, in
Farthest North
, II:388.

  
30
  Nansen’s June 23, 1896, diary entry, in
Farthest North
, II:457.

  
31
  Nansen’s June 23, 1896, diary entry, in
Farthest North
, II:460.

  
32
  Nansen,
Farthest North
, II:499.

  
33
  Nansen,
Farthest North
, II:510.

  
34
  Nansen,
Farthest North
, II:511.

  
35
  Nansen,
Farthest North
, II:516.

       
PART II: THE SECOND EXPEDITION, 1898–1902

   
1
  Otto Sverdrup, excerpt of diary, Fram Museum, accessed December 30, 2013,
http://www.frammuseum.no.

   
2
  E. Vale Blake, ed.,
Arctic Experiences: Containing Capt. George E. Tyson’s Wonderful Drift on the Ice-Floe; A History of the Polaris Expedition, Cruise of the Tigress, and Rescue of the Polaris Survivors
(New York: Harper & Brothers, 1874), 331–32.

   
3
  Otto Sverdrup,
New Land: Four Years in the Arctic Regions
, translated from the Norwegian by Ethel Harriet Hearn (New York: Longmans, Green, 1904), I:119.

   
4
  Sverdrup,
New Land
, I:136.

   
5
  Sverdrup,
New Land
, I:205.

   
6
  Sverdrup,
New Land
, I:210.

   
7
  Sverdrup,
New Land
, I:217.

   
8
  Edvard Bay, in his section of
New Land
, I:440.

   
9
  Sverdrup,
New Land
, II:61.

  
10
  Sverdrup,
New Land
, II:183.

  
11
  Sverdrup,
New Land
, II:257.

  
12
  Sverdrup,
New Land
, II:325.

  
13
  Sverdrup,
New Land
, II:435.

       
PART III: THE THIRD EXPEDITION, 1910–1912

   
1
  Nansen, quoted in Tor Bomann-Larsen,
Roald Amundsen
, translated from the Norwegian by Ingrid Christophersen (1995; Stroud, UK: History Press, 2011), 21.

   
2
  Dagfinn Kvale, “Before Now: The
Gjøa
through the Northwest Passage to the Golden Gate Park,”
Ocean Beach Bulletin
, September 27, 2011.

   
3
  Huntford,
Nansen
, 460.

   
4
  Leon Amundsen, quoted in Bomann-Larsen,
Roald Amundsen
, 86.

   
5
  Thorvald Nilsen, in his section of Roald Amundsen,
The South Pole: An Account of the Norwegian Expedition in the
Fram
, 1910–1912
, translated from the Norwegian by A. G. Chater (London: John Murray, 1913), II:340.

   
6
  Geir O. Kløver, ed.,
The Roald Amundsen Diaries: The South Pole Expedition, 1910–1912
(Oslo: Fram Museum, 2010), 283.

   
7
  Kristian Prestrud, in his section of Amundsen,
South Pole
, II:204.

   
8
  Prestrud, in his section of Amundsen,
South Pole
, II:268.

   
9
  Nilsen, in his section of Amundsen,
South Pole
, II:350.

  
10
  Captain R. F. Scott,
Scott’s Last Expedition
, arranged by Leonard Huxley (London: Smith, Elder, 1914), I:546.

  
11
  Scott,
Scott’s Last Expedition
, I:572.

  
12
  Scott,
Scott’s Last Expedition
, I:592.

  
13
  Scott,
Scott’s Last Expedition
, I:605.

  
14
  Excerpt from Henry Bowers’s letter, in Roland Huntford,
The Last Place on Earth
(New York: Atheneum, 1985), 509 (originally published as
Scott and Amundsen
).

  
15
  Geir O. Kløver, ed.,
Cold Recall: Reflections of a Polar Explorer
(Oslo: Fram Museum, 2009), 201.

  
16
  Amundsen,
South Pole
, II:202.

  
17
  Kløver,
Roald Amundsen Diaries
, 367.

  
18
  Kløver,
Roald Amundsen Diaries
, 368.

  
19
  Liv Nansen Høyer,
Nansen: A Family Portrait
, translated from the Norwegian by Maurice Michael (London: Longmans, Green, 1957), 200.

       
PART IV: LAST VOYAGES

   
1
  Høyer,
Nansen
, 260.

   
2
  Lorna McDonald,
Magic Ships: Life Story of Colin Archer, 1832–1921, and Sailing for Pleasure
(Rockingham, Australia: QU Press, 1997), 71.

REFERENCES

Original works in Norwegian are only cited where no English version is available.

Amundsen, Roald.
My Life as an Explorer
. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, Page, 1927.

Amundsen, Roald.
The South Pole: An Account of the Norwegian Expedition in the
Fram
, 1910–1912
. Vols. I and II. Translated from the Norwegian by A. G. Chater. London: John Murray, 1913.

Archer, Colin. “The Fram.” In
The Norwegian North Polar Expedition, 1893–1896: Scientific Results
, edited by Fridtjof Nansen, 1–16. Vol. I. London: Longmans, Green, 1900.

Archer, James.
Colin Archer: A Memoir
. Gloucester, UK: privately published, 1949.

Barr, William. “Otto Sverdrup to the Rescue of the Russian Imperial Navy.”
Arctic Institute of North America
27, no. 1 (1974): 2–14.

Berg, Kåre.
Heroes of the Polar Wastes
. Translated from the Norwegian by Jean Aase. Oslo: Andresen & Butenschøn Forlag, 2003.

Blake, E. Vale, ed.
Arctic Experiences: Containing Capt. George E. Tyson’s Wonderful Drift on the Ice-Floe; A History of the Polaris Expedition, Cruise of the Tigress, and Rescue of the Polaris Survivors
. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1874.

Bomann-Larsen, Tor.
Roald Amundsen
. 1995. Translated from the Norwegian by Ingrid Christophersen. Stroud, UK: History Press, 2011.

Carpenter, Kenneth J.
History of Scurvy and Vitamin C
. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986.

Cherry-Garrard, Apsley.
The Worst Journey in the World: Antarctica, 1910–1913
. 1922. Guildford, CT: Lyons, 2004.

Drivenes, Einar-Arne, and Harald Dag Jølle, eds.
Into the Ice: The History of Norway and the Polar Regions
. Oslo: Gyldendal Norsk Forlag, 2007.

Fairley, T. C.
Sverdrup’s Arctic Adventures
. London: Longmans, Green, 1959.

Fleming, Fergus.
Ninety Degrees North: The Quest for the North Pole
. New York: Grove, 2001.

Gessen, Keith. “Polar Express: A Journey through the Melting Arctic, with Sixty-Odd Thousand Tons of Iron Ore.”
New Yorker
, December 24 and 31, 2012, 98–117.

Greely, Adolphus W.
Three Years of Arctic Service: An Account of the Lady Franklin Bay Expedition of 1881–84
. Vols. 1 and 2. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1886.

Hansen, Arild Marøy. “Norwegian Pilotage, Pilots, and Pilot Boats in the Age of Sail.”
Maritime Life and Traditions
, no. 31 (Summer 2006): 26–43.

Harrison, Tony.
Fram
. London: Faber and Faber Limited, 2008.

Hegge, Per Egil.
Otto Sverdrup: Aldri Rådlos
. Oslo: J. M. Stenersens Forlag, 1996.

Holt, Kåre.
The Race: A Novel of Polar Exploration
. 1974. Translated from the Norwegian by Joan Tate. New York: Delacorte, 1976.

Høyer, Liv Nansen.
Nansen: A Family Portrait
. Translated from the Norwegian by Maurice Michael. London: Longmans, Green, 1957.

Huntford, Roland.
Nansen: The Explorer as Hero
. 1997. New York: Barnes & Noble Books, 1998.

———.
The Last Place on Earth
. New York: Atheneum, 1985. Originally published as
Scott and Amundsen
.

———.
Race for the South Pole: The Expedition Diaries of Scott and Amundsen
. New York: Continuum International, 2010.

Jackson, Frederick G.
A Thousand Days in the Arctic
. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1899.

Johansen, Hjalmar.
With Nansen in the North: A Record of the Fram Expedition in 1893–96
. Translated from the Norwegian by H. L. Brækstad. London: Ward, Lock, 1899.

Kenney, Gerard.
Ships of Wood and Men of Iron: A Norwegian-Canadian Saga of Exploration in the High Arctic
. Toronto: Natural Heritage Books, 2004.

Kløver, Geir O., ed.
Cold Recall: Reflections of a Polar Explorer
. Oslo: Fram Museum, 2009.

———, ed.
Hjalmar Johansen’s Dagbøker: Sydpolsekspedisjonen, 1910–1912
. Oslo: Fram Museum, 2011.

———, ed.
Roald Amundsen Diaries: The South Pole Expedition, 1910–1912
. Oslo: Fram Museum, 2010.

———, ed.
Sverre Hassel’s Dagbøker: Sydpolsekspedisjonen, 1910–1912
. Oslo: Fram Museum, 2011.

———, ed.
Thorvald Nilsen’s Dagbøker: Sydpolsekspedisjonen, 1910–1914
. Oslo: Fram Museum, 2011.

Kobalenko, Jerry.
The Horizontal Everest: Extreme Journeys on Ellesmere Island
. Toronto: BPS Books, 2002.

Kvale, Dagfinn. “Before Now: The
Gjøa
through the Northwest Passage to the Golden Gate Park.”
Ocean Beach Bulletin
, September 27, 2011.

Leather, John.
Colin Archer and the Seaworthy Double-Ender
. Camden, ME: International Marine Publishing, 1979.

Lopez, Barry.
Arctic Dreams: Imagination and Desire in a Northern Landscape
. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1986.

Lund, Harald Østgaard, and Siv Frøydis Berg, ed.
Norske Polarheltbilder: 1888–1928
. Oslo: Forlaget Press, 2011.

McDonald, Lorna.
Magic Ships: Life Story of Colin Archer, 1832–1921, and Sailing for Pleasure
. Rockingham, Australia: QU Press, 1997.

Mowat, Farley.
The Polar Passion: The Quest for the North Pole
. Boston: Little, Brown, 1967.

Nansen, Fridtjof.
Farthest North: Being the Record of a Voyage of Exploration of the Ship
Fram
, 1893–96, and of a Fifteen Months’ Sleigh Journey by Dr. Nansen and Lieut. Johansen, with an Appendix by Otto Sverdrup Captain of the
Fram. Westminster, UK: Archibald Constable and Company, 1897.

Nares, G. S.
Narrative of a Voyage to the Polar Sea
. Vols. I and II. London: Sampson Low, Marston, Searle, & Rivington, 1878.

Officer, Charles, and Jake Page.
A Fabulous Kingdom: The Exploration of the Arctic
. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001.

Pielou, E. C.
A Naturalist’s Guide to the Arctic
. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994.

Rössel, Greg.
Building Small Boats
. Brooklin, ME: WoodenBoat Publications, 2000.

Sannes, Tor Borch.
Fram
. Oslo: Sem & Stenersens Forlag, 2011.

Scott, Captain R. F.
Scott’s Last Expedition
. Vols. I and II. Arranged by Leonard Huxley. London: Smith, Elder, 1914.

Sides, Hampton. “1,000 Days in the Ice (1893–1896).”
National Geographic
215, no. 1 (January 2009): 108–19.

Smith, B. Webster.
The “Fram.”
London: Blackie & Sons, 1940.

Special Committee Appointed by the Council to Report on the “Jeannette” Relics. “An Examination into the Genuineness of the ‘Jeannette’ Relics: Some Evidences of Currents in the Polar Regions.” In
The Geographic Society of the Pacific
, 1–15. San Francisco: John Partridge, 1896.

Sverdrup, Otto.
New Land: Four Years in the Arctic Regions
. Vols. I and II. Translated from the Norwegian by Ethel Harriet Hearn. New York: Longmans, Green, 1904.

Wilkinson, Alec.
The Ice Balloon: S. A. Andrée and the Heroic Age of Arctic Exploration
. New York: Knopf, 2011.