In Search of the Trojan War (46 page)

Troy and the Trojan War
, ed. M. Mellink (Bryn Mawr College, PA, 1986) comes out strongly for a real basis to the Homeric tale. Manfred Korfmann’s excavation of the cemetery at Besik Tepe is summarised in English in this book, and more fully documented (in German) in
Archäologischer Anzeiger
for 1984–6 and 1989.
The Trojan War
, ed. L. Foxhall and J. K. Davies (Bristol, 1984) is divided over its historicity; but some contributors have revised their ideas since this symposium was published, for instance D. Easton in his review of my book (
Antiquity
, vol. LIX, 1985, pp. 188–96) and James Mellaart on his reconstruction of Hittite geography (‘Hatti Arzawa and Ahhiyawa’ in the Festschrift to George Mylonas,
Philia Epe
, vol. 1, Athens, 1986, 74–84).

On the problem of the end of Troy VI, in addition to Easton’s review, is S. Hiller’s account in
Studia Troica
, 1, 1991, pp. 150–54.

On Aegean archaeology in general see
The Greek Bronze Age
, ed. E. French and K. Wardle (valuable papers including C. Mee on Mycenaean finds in western Anatolia, and an up-to-date summary of the evidence for Mycenaean Miletus). On Troy, Michael Siebler’s
Troia
(Mainz, 1994) is a beautifully illustrated distillation (in German) of the new material.

On the Jewels of Helen, the full story can now be told: D. Easton,
Anatolian Studies
, vol. XLIV, 1994 (citing a vast bibliography since 1984). Dr. Easton is also preparing a popular book on Troy (Thames & Hudson).

On Frank Calvert: the unpublished material in the first edition of this
book helped to spark a renewed interest in Calvert; see Marcelle Robinson (
Anatolian Studies
, vol. XLIV, 1994) and Susan Heuck Allen,
Finding the Walls of Troy
(1999) (full of fascinating family material and photographs).

On Homer and the epic: there are excellent new translations of the
Iliad
, in verse by Robert Fagles and in prose by Martin Hammond (Penguin). G. S. Kirk’s
The Iliad: a commentary
is now published, the first large-scale commentary on the
Iliad
for nearly a hundred years (Cambridge, six vols. 1985–93); in it there is much of archaeological and historical interest: Kirk’s comments on the historicity of the war (vol. II, 1990, pp. 36–50) are the best summing-up at present available; his detailed analysis of the catalogue of ships in vol. 1, pp. 168–263 is also of great interest. On Homer as an artist see, among many, the sparkling book by Oliver Taplin,
Homeric Soundings
(OUP, 1992). On the origins of the tradition, M. L. West, ‘The Rise of the Greek Epic’ in
Journal of Hellenic Studies
, vol. CVIII, 1988, p. 151ff. and replies by J. Chadwick in CX, 1990, p.174ff. and W.F. Wyatt, vol. CXII, 1992, p.167ff. Wyatt postulates direct descent from Mycenaean epic. On possible Anatolian influences on Greek epic: J. Puhvel,
Homer and Hittite
(Innsbruck, 1991).
Greek Religion
by Walter Burkert (Blackwell, Oxford, 1987, paperback) offers many insights into the Mycenaean (and Anatolian) origins of Greek religion.

On the Hittites: the source material here is expanding by the year. For general problems concerning the Greeks, see H. Guterbock’s exciting piece in the Mellink symposium. On specific points: an essential discussion of some of the crucial documents is P. H. J. Houwink ten Cate, ‘Sidelights on the Ahhiyawa question’ in
Jaarbericht Ex Oriente Lux
, 28, 1983–4, pp. 33–79. The new bronze tablet was published by H. Otten,
Die Bronzetafel aus Bogazkoy
(Wiesbaden, 1988), and reviewed (in English) by P. H. J. Houwink ten Cate in
Zeitschrift für Assyriologie
, 82, 1992, 233–70.

On ‘Great Kings’ in Carchemish and elsewhere, J. D. Hawkins in
Anatolian Studies
, vol. XXXVIII, 1988; see too, on Hittite treaties, the articles by R. H. Beal and O. Gurney in vol. XLIII, 1993; on the Greeks in the Hittite tablets, generally accepting the line in this book, T. R. Bryce in
Historia
, vol. XXXVIII, 1989, p. 1ff. On a possible Hittite trade embargo on the Greeks: E. Cline in
Historia
, XL, 1991, p. 1ff.

For the most recent survey of the question see T. Bryce,
The Hittites
(Oxford, 1999) and Joachim Latacz,
Troy and Homer: Towards a Solution of an Old Mystery
(Oxford, 2004), though Latacz’s identification of the kingdom of Ahhiyawa as Thebes is based on a very dubious reading of one letter.

INDEX

The page references in this index correspond to the printed edition from which this ebook was created. To find a specific word or phrase from the index, please use the search feature of your ebook reader.

Aberdeen, Lord 169, 301

Achaians 21, 22, 25, 29, 46, 145, 163–5; and the Hittites 199, 205–6, 208–13, 216–17, 220–2; and Homer 156, 157

Achilles 21, 22, 27, 28, 29, 36, 155, 257; and the Hittite texts 219, 222; sack of Lesbos 279; shield of 145; tomb of 37, 39, 50, 53, 293; and women ‘captives’ 182, 183

Aeschylus 253, 271;
Agamemnon
21, 27–8, 30

Agamemnon of Chios 269

Agamemnon, King of Mycenae 10, 21, 75, 107, 125, 132, 155, 163, 283; existence of 280; and heroic kingship 176–7, 183, 184; and the Hittites 193, 207, 208, 212; and Homer’s story of Troy 25–6, 27, 28, 30, 31, 163; and the rise of Mycenae 178; and shaft graves at Mycenae 79–83; and warfare 274, 275–6,
see also
Mycenae

Agios Elias 152, 153

Agios Stephanos 172

Ahhiyawa 199, 204, 207, 213, 216–17, 220, 223, 230, 272, 277–8, 302–3; and the Tawagalawas letter 208–11

Ajax 27, 28, 82, 133, 155

Ajax of Lokris 31

Akça Köy 54, 73

Alça Hüyük 195

Aldus Manutius 137–8

Alexander the Great 20, 22, 37, 50, 56, 67, 262, 287, 293

Alexander of Ilios
see
Paris (Alexander of Ilios)

Alexandria 137

Alexandria Troas 37, 39, 46, 47, 50, 51, 288, 290

Alfred the Great, King 41

Amenophis III, Pharaoh 202

Ammianus Marcellinus 42

Amyklai 154

Anaxagoras 32

Anglo-Saxons, and the Trojan War 41, 46–7

Antiquity
11

Aphrodite, goddess of love 26

Apollo (god) 24, 299–300

Araxos 230, 232, 234, 273

archaeology: and civilisation decline 266–8, 269–70; Evans’s theories of evolution and 117–19; and heroic kingship 177; and the Homeric poems 139–40; and Schliemann 62–4, 65, 74, 87, 196

Argos 127, 155, 168, 173, 178, 258

Aristarchos 144, 294

Arktinos of Miletus 30

armies, size of 180–1, 238

Arnold, Matthew 61

Arrian 37

Arthurian legend 270

Arzawa 211, 212, 214, 215, 220

Asine 234

Assuwa 214

Assyrians: and the Hittites 276–7, 304; and siege warfare 251, 253–4

Athens 120, 230, 234; fortifications 232, 273; and the
Iliad
142–3; Mycenaean room at the National Museum 61, 62

Atreus 75, 178–9, 207, 208, 276

Augustine of Hippo, St 39–40

Ayia Irini 227

Baring, Maurice 44

Basil, Christian Father 40

Belon, Pierre 50

Benoît de Sainte-Maure,
Roman de Troie
41–2

Bentley, Richard 43

Beowulf
269

Berbati 178, 216

Berlioz, Hector 65, 66, 271

Besik Tepe, excavations at 292–4

Besika Bay 294–6, 306

Biddulph, William 51

Blegen, Carl 120, 121, 151, 164, 246, 271, 286; and the destruction of Troy VI 247–8, 249, 250, 251–2, 254, 255, 279; excavations at Pylos 121, 127–30; excavations at Troy-Hisarlik 9–10, 11, 18, 19, 20, 122–7, 161, 188–9, 191, 259, 260, 261, 262, 263; and New Ilium 287, 289;
The Palace of King Nestor at Pylos
129;
Troy and the Trojans
285; and Troy VIIa 243, 244, 245

Boghaz Keui 90

Boghaz Köy 90, 195–6, 222, 240, 242, 306; bronze copy of treaty at 307; tablets 197–8, 199, 207, 214, 218–19, 299, 303

Borlase, William 61, 71

Bötticher, Ernst 95

Braudel, Ferdinand 230, 266, 270

Britain: Arthurian legend in 270; Dark Age 269;
the Parian marble in 35; travellers to Troy from 46–7, 50–1; Trojan theme in 42–6

British Empire, and Homer 43–5

British Museum 55, 72, 236

Broch, Hermann 21

Bronze Age 31, 36, 89, 90; decline 267–8; and the Greek language 46; and Hisarlik 10, 56, 121–2, 158–62; and Homer 139–40, 144–7, 155; and Knossos 110, 116–17, 119; and Tiryns 85, 87; trade routes and contacts 224–30,
see also
Linear B tablets

Brooke, Rupert 44

Brutus, legendary founder of Britain 42

Bryant, Jacob 52, 53, 75

Bunarbasi 269, 286–7; German excavations at 56; and the location of Troy 55, 67, 68, 73, 77, 158–9

Buondelmonti, Cristoforo 103

Burgon, Thomas 77

Burkhardt, John 194

Burnouf (French architect) 69

Byron, George Gordon, Lord 15, 22, 45, 53–4, 65, 258, 271, 295;
Don Juan
53

Byzantium: and Hellenism 40, 48; and New Ilium 288–9; study of Homer in 136–7

Caïcus 219

Calchas, prophet 28

Calvert, Frank 54–5, 61, 67–8, 69, 70, 73, 77, 95

Calvert, Frederick 54, 73

Calvert, James 54, 73

Üanakkale 15, 67; museum at 54

Cassiodorus,
History of the Goths
42

Cato 275

Cavafy, Constantine, ‘Ithaca’ 22

Caxton, William,
Recuyell of the Historyes of Troye
41–2, 43, 50

Chadwick, H.M.,
Heroic Age
176, 177

Chadwick, John 132

Chantre, Ernest 197

chariots, in the
Iliad
146

Charlemagne 143

Chios 182, 229, 257

Christianity, and Troy 38–40

Cicero 138

Cilicia 240, 241

Üiplak (village) 16

civilisation: geographical approach to civilisation decline 265–70; nineteenth-century concept of 63–4,
see also
Minoan civilisation; Mycenaean civilisation

Clarke, Edward 17, 67, 76, 86, 256, 257, 258

Clavijo, Ruy Gonzales de 47, 256

Clytemnestra of Sparta 26, 169, 178

Cnidus 182

Cockerell, Charles 76, 103

Comte, Auguste 118

Constantine the Great, Roman emperor 38, 51

Constantine Porphyrogenitus 289

Constantinople 38, 48, 49, 137, 301

copper, trade in 226, 229

Coryate, Thomas 51

craftsmen, in Heroic Age Troy 263–4

Crete 27, 90, 101–4, 172, 241; and Aegean trade 224, 227–8; and Egyptian ambassadors 202; Karfi 269; liberation of (1898) 92; Local History Museum 107; travellers’ descriptions of 103–4,
see also
Knossos

Critoboulos of Imbros 49

cultural anthropology 118

cuneiform writing 149;

Hittite 211

Curtius, Ernst 8, 61

Cyprus 188, 190, 224, 226, 231, 241, 242; journey to Troy from 256

Cyriac of Ancona 47–8, 49, 64–5, 84, 158

Dallam, Thomas 50–1

Dardanelles 11, 23, 37, 38, 44, 52, 57, 58, 158, 160, 258, 276, 306; sea traffic 294–5

Dardanos, site of ancient 15

Dark Age Europe 163, 167, 283

Dark Age Greece 31, 109, 162; and Homer 145, 147, 269; and the tale of Troy 284–5

Darwin, Charles 117, 118;
The Origin of Species
63, 64

David, and Goliath 240

Delos 227

Dicti, Mount 101, 102

Diodorus Siculus 34

Diomedes, King of Tiryns 85, 155

Dodwell, Edward 76, 78, 86

Dorians 30–1, 34, 114, 230, 232, 269, 282, 283

Dörpfeld, Wilhelm 9, 18, 19, 20, 22, 128, 271; and the destruction of Troy VI 247, 249, 250–1, 255; excavations at Troy–Hisarlik 97–-100, 121–2, 123, 126, 159, 162, 263, 292; and the Homeric question 140; and Knossos 105, 106, 112, 113; and Schliemann 63, 84, 87, 94, 95, 96, 100

Doulis of Samos 34

Dr Who
21

Dumrek Su valley 16, 259

earthquakes, and the destruction of Troy VI 243, 245, 246–54, 279–80, 281

Easton, Donald 11

Egypt: and Evans’s chronology 117; and the Hittites 196–7, 199, 200–1, 206, 210, 212–13, 236, 277; and Knossos 109, 112, 117; and Mycenae 166, 201–4, 228–9, 273; scribal lists 149, 150; and the Sea Peoples 235–6, 237, 238–9, 241–2; and sea raiders 233

Eleusis 174

Elgin, Thomas Bruce, Lord 75, 84, 103, 112, 169, 195

Elizabeth I, Queen of England 43

Enispe 151, 152–3, 159

Ephesus 160

epic poetry, Homerian 135–6, 141–7

Eratosthenes, librarian of Alexandria 34

Eteocles 199, 205, 208

Eudoxia, Empress,
Life of Jesus
40

Euripides,
Trojan Women
253

Eurystheus, king of Mycenae 179

Eutresis 153, 174, 234, 260, 273

Evans, John 63

Evans, Sir Arthur 91, 104–5, 106, 107–10, 130, 131, 132, 164, 165; classification of Aegean prehistory 117–18; excavations at Knossos 108–15, 116, 172;
Palace of Minos
107, 113, 119

Evans-Pritchard, E.E. 184

Fabricus, German scholar 105, 113

Fengari mountain 18–18

Finley, Sir Moses 11, 270

First World War 44–5

fish and fishing 190, 258–9

Forrer, Emil 199, 298–9, 302

Franco-Prussian War (1870-1) 66

Francus the Trojan 42

Gallipoli 15, 44–5

Gassus, General 305

Gell, William 76–7, 84, 86

Geoffrey of Monmouth 42

geographical factors, in civilisation decline 265–70

Gibbon, Edward 230, 265

Giraudoux, Jean 44

Gladstone, William E.108

Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von 139

Golden-Age myth 269–70, 284

Goliath 240

Greek civil war (1940s) 131

Greek language 46, 89; and Linear B tablets 133, 140–1