In Search of the Trojan War (48 page)

Schliemann, Sophie 61, 71, 74, 85, 97

Scott, C.P. 108

Sea Peoples 235–43, 244, 245–6, 267, 286

Second World War 131, 187

Seha River land 206, 217, 218–19, 221–2, 278, 303, 305

Selden, John 35

Seneca 17

Seytan Deresi, Bronze Age shipwreck 226

Shakespeare, William 21, 22;
Henry V
43;
Troilus and Cressida
41, 43, 50

Shaw-Stewart, Patrick 44–5

Sherden (sea raiders) 236

ships, Homer’s catalogue of 132–3, 134, 147–56, 232, 284

shipwrecks, Bronze Age 226

Sienkiewicz,
Letter from Africa
96

Siphnos 227

Skyros 182

slaves 226, 229, 257, 274–5

Smintheus, Bronze Age god 257–8

Smyrna, Ionian city of 25

Solomon 194

Sommer, Ferdinand 199, 218

Sparta: cult of Agamemnon 284; Schliemann and the Evrótas valley 89–90,
see also
Lakonia (Sparta)

Spratt, Thomas,
Travels in Crete
104

Stackelberg, von (artist) 78

Star Trek
21

Stillman, American consul 106

Strabo 48, 56, 151, 153, 219, 300

Suppiluliumas, Hittite emperor 197, 201, 215

Sutton Hoo 177

Syriopoulos, C.T. 152

Tafur, Pero 47, 103–4

Tawagalawas letter 208–11, 217, 304–6

Telephus, king of Mysia 27, 219

television 22

Tell Abu Hawam 224, 242

Tell el Amarna 229

Tenedos 17, 23, 28, 39, 47, 182, 257, 258, 292

Tevfikiye (village) 16

Texier, Charles 194–6

Thebes 84, 120, 164, 165, 174, 175, 178; destruction of 230, 253, 272, 275; lapiz lazuli seals found at 203

Thera 227, 279

Theseus 103

Thucydides 30, 32–3, 34, 35, 36, 48, 74–5, 77, 180, 230, 283; and the Boeotians 155; on Crete 102–3, 114, 227;
History of the Peloponnesian War
266

Thutmose III, King of Egypt 202

Tiryns 109, 114, 117, 120; army 238; Dark Age 284; destruction of 230, 231, 282; fortifications 232, 273; and the Hittites 205; and Homer 85, 86, 87–8, 139–40, 147, 151, 154,
155; and Miletus 186; and Mycenae 85, 86, 87–8, 164, 168, 173, 178, 179, 272; and Pylos 129, 130; rebuilding of 234; Schliemann’s excavations at 85–8, 95, 106, 165, 231

trade: in the Bronze Age 224–30, 272, 273–4; and international diplomacy 200; Mycenaean trade with Egypt 202; and Troy 259

Troad, Turkish occupation and the Greeks 289–91

Trojan War 270–85; and Besik Tepe/Besika Bay 292–6; dating 10, 33–6, 70, 82, 83, 98, 125, 245–6, 254–5, 303–6; as history or fiction 11, 31–6, 52–3, 270–1, 284–5, 306–7; and the Hittites 218–23, 254, 298–9, 302–3, 302–7; Homer’s story of the 10, 11, 21, 23–31; and international diplomacy 199–201; and Knossos 113, 115; and Mycenae/Mycenaean civilisation 82, 83, 191–2, 271–6, 282–3; sceptics 11, 270; and the Sea Peoples 241, 242; and Sparta 90; and Troy VIh 245;and Troy VIIa 123–6, 245; and the wooden horse 22, 29, 253–4, 281–2

Troy: Homer on the topography of 157–62; Homer’s story of 23–31; location of 51–2, 54–6, 57–8, 157, 306,
see also
Hisarlik (site of Troy)

Troy VI 212, 221;and Anatolian culture 264; and Blegen’s excavations 122–3, 126, 188, 189; and civilisation decline 268; craftsmen 263–4; cremation cemetery 259–60; cult areas 260; and the dating of the Trojan War 98, 254–5; destruction of by earthquake 243, 245, 246–54, 279–80, 281; and Frank Calvert 56; gates 25, 261, 296; and Homer 158, 159, 160, 161, 162; and Korfmann’s excavations 293, 295, 296–8; and Mycenae 189–90, 191; palace 262–3; Pillar House 249, 262; population 264; and pottery dating 252, 254; religious cults 297–8; and Thermi 257; and trade 259; visiting in the Heroic Age 255–64; walls 260, 261–2, 296–8

Troy VIIa 20, 123–6, 130–1, 188, 221, 243–6, 285; and civilisation decline 268; and the dating of the Trojan War 252, 254, 255; destruction of 264

Troy VIIb 285–6, 298

Tsountas (Greek archaeologist) 90, 127, 164

Tudhalias I, Hittite king 214, 215

Tudhalias IV, Hittite king 211, 212–13, 217, 220, 222, 223

Tudor myth 42–3

Turkish occupation of the Troad 289–90

Tutankhamun of Egypt 200

Tylor,
Primitive Culture
118

Ugarit 144, 149, 181, 188, 200; and Aegean trade 224, 228; destruction of 240–1

Urhi Testub, Hittite king 276, 277, 278

Vaphio 164

Venice, printed text of Homer’s
Iliad
in 137–8

Ventris, Michael 131–2

Vergil, Polydore 42

Virchow, Rudolf 63, 64, 90, 93, 108

Virgil 21, 38, 40, 42, 271

Wace, Alan 117, 120, 121, 127, 164

Willibald, Anglo-Saxon traveller 256

Wilson, Daniel,
Prehistoric Annals
63, 64

Wilusa (Wilusiya) 157, 198, 206, 211, 214–18, 220, 221, 223, 254, 276, 277–9, 299–302, 305–7

Winckelmann 118

Winckler, Hugo 197–8

Wolf, F.A. 140, 143;
Prolegomena
138–9

women: Hittite 198; Lokrian maidens 31, 158, 162, 284, 287, 297; slaves and captives 30, 133, 182–4, 274, 280, 307; in the tale of Troy 280–1

Wood, Robert 23, 51–2, 138, 143, 160

wooden horse of Troy 22, 29, 253–4, 281–2

Wragg, Richard 50

writing: and the end of palace civilisation 282–3; and the Homeric poems 141

Xerxes, Persian king 15, 21, 36, 293

Zannanza, Prince 201

Zeus (Greek god) 102

Zygouries 234

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

‘I would as soon go in quest of Utopia, or of the Carib Island of Robinson Crusoe, and his Cabin; and I should return with equal emolument,’ said the redoubtable Jacob Bryant of the search for Troy, which he thought never existed (1799). If I have returned from my own particular odyssey with any emolument at all, it is largely due to the many scholars and friends who have given me the benefit of their knowledge.

First, I would like to thank the friends who made the films which this book was written to accompany: Bill Lyons who produced and directed with great skill and Trojan stamina; Annette Steinhilber who was as always a tower of strength; Richard Ganniclifft, Dennis Cartwright and Alan Parker who were unfailing sources of support and good humour; Colin Adams, executive producer of the films this book accompanies, for his invaluable patience and advice during the making and editing of the series. Thanks are also due to David Jackson, Graham Veevers and Terry Bartlett, and to Pat Haggerty and Roy Newton who brought their special skills to bear on the editing. Mordo and Sevim Berker made everything possible in Turkey and were unstinting in their hospitality. In Greece I have a special debt to Maria Koumarianou-Powell. Sheila Ableman edited the book unflappably, and Viv Brearley threaded her way most accurately through a labyrinth of manuscript: to both my grateful thanks.

My depts to professional scholars working in this field are unusually large. I would like to thank Profs George Huxley, Kevin O’Nolan, John Davies, Leonard Palmer, Oliver Gurney, Peter Warren, Colin Renfrew, James Hooker and Sir Moses Finley, Drs Oliver Dickenson, Chris Mee, Mervyn Popham, Nancy Sandars, David Hawkins, John Lazenby, Jim McQueen, John Killen, Livia Morgan, Brian Hainsworth, James Jackson, Lord William Taylour and General Sir John Hackett, all of whom were kind enough to give their time to discuss points with me.
I am especially grateful to Prof. Geoffrey Kirk, Prof. R. H. Crossland and Dr John Chadwick for their help and advice, and to Drs John Bintliff, James Mellart, Donald Traill and Prof. Hans Güterbock who all allowed me to use their unpublished material. Lesley Fitton kindly located Calvert and Schliemann letters for me in the British Museum. Dr Ken Kitchen provided me with much inaccessible material, and with his typically enthusiastic encouragement, for which much thanks. Donald Easton was most generous in discussing the Troy problem with me in the light of his research into the Schliemann notebooks, and permitted me to use his unpublished material in the plans: all devotees will eagerly await the publication of his work. I would also like to thank James Candy for sharing his reminiscences of Sir Arthur Evans. It is a particularly pleasant duty to thank Sandy McGilivry, Sinclair Hood and William Taylor for a memorable evening at the ‘taverna’ at Knossos discussing the knotty problems of that marvellous site; in Greece too Profs Catherine Koumarianou, C. Doumas, and Spiro Jacovides, and Drs J. Sakellerakis and Alexandra Karetsou were most helpful, and to Prof. George Mylonas I owe an unforgettable day at Mycenae. I should particularly like to thank the German Schools at Athens and Istanbul for many kindnesses and especially Klaus Kilian at Tiryns who was unstintingly generous with his time and his material. In Athens Jerome Sperling shared his exciting reminiscences of the Cincinnati dig at Troy. In Turkey I am most grateful for their help to Profs Ekrem Akurgal and T. Osgüc, Dr Sedat Alp, and Mustafa Gözen Sevinç, director of the site of Troy, to the Turkish Historical Society, and to Seref Tasliova and the public bards of Kars for showing me something of the ancient traditions of the singers of tales; in the far west of Europe John Henry and the people of Kilgalligan, County Mayo, through Seamus O Cathoin’s introduction, let me touch on the last of that tradition in the British Isles. Finally I should like to thank Prof. John Luce for reading my text and suggesting many improvements, and Dr Elizabeth French who suffered from being a near neighbour and endured my frequent questions with
unflagging patience: to her critical eye I owe more than she will realise. However, the usual warning about blame is particularly necessary here: it cannot be too strongly emphasised that none of the above scholars can be held responsible for any errors of fact or interpretation which may be discovered in this book. In a work of synthesis it is not possible to do justice to all the differing theories in this highly contentious field – it has been well said that historians thrive on ambiguities, journalists on certainties! I hope at least that what Gladstone wrote more than a century ago on Homer is still true: ‘No exertion spent upon any of the great classics of the world, and attended with any amount of real result, is really thrown away. It is better to write one word upon the rock than a thousand on the water or the sand.’ (
Studies on Homer
.)

Picture Credits

All photographs by Michael Wood except:

¹
By permission of The British Library

²
Science Photo Library

³
Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford, UK

⁴
Troia Projekt, University of Tuebingen

This ebook is copyright material and must not be copied, reproduced, transferred, distributed, leased, licensed or publicly performed or used in any way except as specifically permitted in writing by the publishers, as allowed under the terms and conditions under which it was purchased or as strictly permitted by applicable copyright law. Any unauthorised distribution or use of this text may be a direct infringement of the author’s and publisher’s rights and those responsible may be liable in law accordingly.

Version 1.0

Epub ISBN 9781448141456

www.randomhouse.co.uk

3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4 2

First published in hardback in 1985
This paperback edition first published in 2005
This edition published in 2008 by BBC Books,
an imprint of Ebury Publishing.
A Random House Group Company

Copyright © Michael Wood, 1985, 1996, 2005, 2008

Michael Wood has asserted his right to be identified as the author of this Work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner.

The Random House Group Limited Reg. No. 954009

Addresses for companies within The Random House Group can be found at:
www.randomhouse.co.uk/offices.htm

A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

ISBN 9780563522652

Commissioning editors: Sheila Ableman and Sally Potter
Project editor: Martin Redfern
Designer: Linda Blakemore

Colour origination by Butler & Tanner