Inside Scientology (61 page)

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the IRS definition of
church:
Church of Scientology International v. C. Philip Xanthos and 16 other agents,
No. 91-4302 SVW, U.S. District Court in the Central District of California, August 12, 1991.
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Miscavige proposed meeting with:
The story of DM's meeting with Goldberg, and all quotations allegedly reflecting his statements, come from Marty Rathbun's recollection of events, as told to the
St. Petersburg Times
for its Truth Rundown series, June 21, 2009.

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"required by the I.R.S. to disclose":
Frantz, "Scientology's Puzzling Journey," March 9, 1997.
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"Instead of tough tax law":
"Exempted, Not Vindicated," editorial,
St. Petersburg Times,
November 21, 1993.

9. Lisa

In 2004, the estate of Lisa McPherson settled its seven-year civil lawsuit against the Church of Scientology. As a condition of the settlement, both sides agreed not to discuss the case, or the terms of the settlement, in the future. As the facts of the civil case were nearly identical to those of the criminal case, as Lisa's mother and several other relatives are now deceased, and as the majority of Scientologists referred to in this and subsequent chapters are still involved in Scientology, bound by the agreement or otherwise unwilling to talk about Lisa, much of the information contained in this chapter, as well as chapters 10–12, comes directly from the Clearwater Police Department's investigative file, which was made available by the department in a CD format.

This file is made up of more than six thousand pages of documentary evidence, including Lisa's handwritten notes and letters to friends, write-ups of her overts and withholds, a life history report and other confessions, Church of Scientology internal reports and documents including Lisa's ethics files, and scores of interviews, sworn statements, and depositions taken by Clearwater law enforcement officials from Lisa's family, friends, colleagues, and Scientology staff. Unless otherwise noted, all quotations come from these records.

In addition, for background and insight on the environment at the Dallas Mission of the Southwest, and on Bennetta Slaughter, I relied on personal interviews with Steve Hall, Melanie Stokes, and Greg Barnes. Sandra Mercer and Nancy Many were two key sources of information about WISE, the experience of working for a WISE company, and the FSM program.

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"They were a time of unease":
David Frum,
How We Got Here: The 70s, the Decade That Brought You Modern Life (for Better or Worse)
, p. xxiii.

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skeptical of Scientology:
Boss, in fact, wanted Lisa to ask for a refund after she committed some $3,000 to pay for Scientology's Life Repair package; he was so irate, according to church records, that he phoned the Dallas mission numerous times, threatening legal action if they didn't return the money. Succumbing to pressure from her husband, Lisa did ask for a refund but made it clear to the staff at the mission that she was happy in Scientology and did not intend to abandon it. Rather, as she explained to several staffers, she planned to use the refund money to file for divorce and then, once free of Boss, to do "amends" to get back into the church's good graces. Though this might have sounded reasonable, it set off alarms. In Scientology, the inability to resist another person's wishes signifies a lack of "certainty" about one's commitment to the church. "Never let anyone be half-minded about being Scientologists," Hubbard wrote in
Keeping Scientology Working.
"When somebody enrolls, consider he or she has joined up for the duration of the universe—never permit an 'open-minded' approach." To counter "open-mindedness," Hubbard advocated control, which registrars like Greg Barnes were encouraged to exert over their clients, for, as Scientologists called it, the "greatest good" of the particular individual and of the organization. Hubbard wrote extensively about control: "Control equals income," he said in an HCO policy letter dated February 21, 1961. "As any control we exert upon the public brings about a better society, we are entirely justified in using control ... One must discover what is best for the applicant and then control them into obtaining it." Ultimately, Lisa changed her mind and did not ask for any money back; instead, she moved ahead with disconnecting from her husband.
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"automatically and immediately":
Hubbard,
Dianetics and Scientology Technical Dictionary,
p. 415, originally stated in the St. Hill Special Briefing Course 1973, tape #6608CO2.

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Originally conceived of in the 1960s:
According to the Church of Scientology, Hubbard came up with study technology after attempting to study photography via a correspondence course (see the Ron series, "The Humanitarian: Education," at education.lronhubbard.org /page34.htm). However, in an interview with Alan Walter in 2007, I learned that the Berners, loyal Scientologists, had in fact brought their ideas of "study technology" to Saint Hill, where, prior to meeting with Hubbard, they explained much of it to Walter over dinner. "They were excited about it and wanted to give it to Hubbard," he recalled. "That next day, Hubbard gets up and during a lecture introduces them to the [group], and then claims
he's
discovered this technology and has done this and that, and the two of them were in shock. They got no recognition, nothing. And from that moment on, nobody discovered anything but L. Ron Hubbard."
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"word clearing":
Hubbard,
Basic Study Manual,
Effective Education Publishing, 2004, pp. 157–59.

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nine distinct types of word:
A critical analysis of word clearing can be found at the "Scientology v. Education" site (
www.studytech.org
). Scientology's own explanation of word clearing can be found in HCO Bulletin, January 30, 1973, revised December 19, 1979: "Method 9 Word Clearing the Right Way," HCO Bulletin, July 1 1971, revised January 11, 1989; and "The Different Types of Word Clearing,"
Basic Study Manual,
pp. 188–95.

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"aggressive without being obnoxious":
Clearwater Police Department interview with Craig Burton, March 10, 1997.

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called "blowing":
Church of Scientology staff or Sea Org members (with the exception, reportedly, of those at the International Base) are allowed to quit their jobs, provided they complete the proper steps, a process known as "routing out." The standard procedure is to submit to a security check, followed by "lower conditions," the formulaic process Hubbard designed by which the staff member evaluates the harm he or she may have done to the group. They are also required to do a written assessment of their transgressions—overts and withholds. This process can take months, and even years, reportedly. To ensure that a Sea Org member does not "blow," which connotes an unauthorized or sudden departure, other Sea Org members are often recruited to sleep outside such a person's door, sometimes with wrists tied to the doorknob, to prevent an unauthorized departure during the night. Even though a true "blow" is defined as "leaving without permission," the term tends to be used colloquially for
anyone
who leaves the Scientology staff. Departure is generally seen as negative, caused by overts and withholds, or hidden crimes. To inform anyone other than a superior that you desire to leave is considered suppressive.
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"freeloader's bill":
According to Hubbard, any staff or Sea Org member who fails to complete a contract is considered a "freeloader." This includes those who "blow."

10. Flag

For the story of Scientology's infiltration of Clearwater, I relied on personal interviews with Larry Brennan and Sandra Mercer, as well as with the journalist Richard Leiby, who was both an eyewitness to events and a reporter of them. He was tremendously helpful in assisting me in separating the wheat from the chaff and also served as a crucial check on history. The seminal news coverage of Operation Goldmine, as Scientology's takeover of Clearwater was called, was done by the
St. Petersburg Times,
notably in a series of investigative stories by the reporter Charles Stafford, published on December 16–30, 1979, and later compiled in a special report, "Scientology: An In-Depth Profile of a New Force in Clearwater" (
St. Petersburg Times,
January 9, 1980). In addition, myriad subsequent stories in the
Times
as well as in the now-defunct
Clearwater Sun
newspaper informed this chapter, as did Mike Wallace's investigative report on
60 Minutes,
"The Clearwater Conspiracy."

Tom De Vocht was tremendously helpful in providing information on David Miscavige's strategy in Clearwater and his connection to Bennetta Slaughter. Caroline Brown and Sandra Mercer also gave me detailed insight into Slaughter and took pains to explain "safe pointing" and Scientology's overall strategy in Clearwater after 1990. Michael Pattinson, Sandra Mercer, and Greg Barnes spoke to me about Lisa McPherson's declining emotional state in 1994 and 1995. I relied once again on the CPD files for most other details of Lisa's story, from her quest to go Clear, her initial Introspection Rundown at the Fort Harrison, her experience at the Orlando trade show, and then her ultimate breakdown and brief hospitalization. In addition, for insight and explanation of Lisa's auditing experience, I referred to depositions and affidavits given by Hana Whitfield and Jesse Prince during the McPherson civil investigation.

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"I am discomfited by":
Charles Stafford, "Scientology: An In-Depth Profile of a New Force in Clearwater,"
St. Petersburg Times,
December 20, 1979.

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threatened to sue:
Though the Church of Scientology didn't sue the
Times,
in February 1976 the
Times
sued the church and L. Ron Hubbard for conspiring "to harass, intimidate, frighten, prosecute, slander, defame"
Times
employees. The paper dropped the suit early in 1977. According to a report in the
St. Petersburg Times
(January 9, 1980), those at the paper had decided to do so "rather than present evidence that could have harmed an innocent third party."

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"Church functionaries were directed":
Ibid.

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"politically fascist organization":
Clearwater Sun,
March 11, 1979.

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"Scientology is going to be part": Clearwater Sun,
October 31, 1980.
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"I'm not here to complain":
Transcript of
City of Clearwater Commission Hearings re: The Church of Scientology,
May 8, 1982 (
www.lermanet.com/82cwcommission/4-001-077.htm
).
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"the person you work with":
As quoted by the programming director of a local radio station,
St. Petersburg Times,
December 23, 1988.
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"the largest community of Scientologists":
"Destination," the Flag promotional brochure, Church of Scientology International, 1993.

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"stable, reliable, expert":
Hubbard, HCO Policy Letter, January 12, 1973.
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In 1993, she earned more: St. Petersburg Times,
October 31, 1997.

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"The rundown is
very
simple":
Hubbard, HCO Bulletin, January 23, 1974, revised April 25, 1991.

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She was having trouble:
Tampa Tribune,
December 15, 1996.
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"extremely foreseeable": Estate of Lisa McPherson v. Church of Scientology Flag Service Organization,
Case No. 97-01235: First Amended Complaint, December 4, 1997.

11. Seventeen Days

For information about the Introspection Rundown, I relied on L. Ron Hubbard's own description of the process, as well as on interviews with several former Scientologists who are familiar with it: Nancy and Chris Many, Maureen Bolstad, and Jesse Prince, primarily. Nancy Many also helped me analyze Lisa's seventeen-day internment and treatment at the Fort Harrison, as did Teresa Summers, a former commanding officer of the Flag Land Base; Patricia Greenway, an assistant to the attorney Ken Dandar, provided further background. The rest of this chapter is based entirely on the notes of Lisa's caretakers and on transcripts of interviews, conducted by Clearwater law enforcement, with caretakers and other church officials.

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"Insanity," wrote L. Ron Hubbard:
Hubbard, "C/S Series 22: Psychosis," HCO Bulletin, November 28, 1970.
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"sometimes has ghosts about him":
Hubbard, HCO Bulletin, December 31, 1978.
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"Scientology was not researched":
Hubbard, "Psychotics,"
Certainty
magazine, February 1966.

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"Policy is that we assign any case":
Hubbard, HCO Policy Letter, June 29, 1971.
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"I have made a technical breakthrough":
Hubbard, "The Technical Breakthrough of 1973! The Introspection RD," HCO Bulletin, January 23, 1974.
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"isolate the person wholly":
Ibid.
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"destimulate and ... protect them":
Hubbard, "Introspection RD: Additional Actions," HCO Bulletin, February 20, 1974.
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"build a person up":
Hubbard, "The Technical Breakthrough of 1973! The Introspection RD," HCO Bulletin, January 23, 1974.
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"of a very unbrutal nature":
Hubbard, "Level IV, Search and Discovery," HCO Bulletin, November 24, 1965.
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"You have in your hands":
Hubbard, "The Technical Breakthrough of 1973! The Introspection RD," HCO Bulletin, January 23, 1974.

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"a small, square opening":
John Lee and John Johnson, "Captivity Case May Be Tied to Faith,"
Los Angeles Times,
January 13, 1990.

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"He's watching live":
Thomas Tobin and Joe Childs, "Death in Slow Motion,"
St. Petersburg Times,
June 22, 2009.
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"buzz off":
Thomas Tobin and Joe Childs, "Miscavige's Spiral of Violence,"
St. Petersburg Times,
June 21 and November 1, 2009 (online video of interviews with Marty Rathbun),
www.tampabay.com /specials/2009/reports/project/rathbun.shtml
.