Inside Syria: The Backstory of Their Civil War and What the World Can Expect (41 page)

Islamic State (IS) [new name for Islamic State of Iraq and al-Sham (ISIS)],
99
–
100
,
240

Islamic State of Iraq (ISI) [name before it was Islamic State of Iraq and al-Sham],
240
,
253

Islamic State of Iraq and al-Sham (ISIS),
17
,
98
–
100
,
187
,
233
,
239
,
240
,
253

as al-Qaeda affiliate,
88
,
98
,
240
,
253

changing name to Islamic State (IS),
99
–
100

and Jabhat al-Nusra,
97
,
99

persecuting homosexuals,
88

possible use of sarin gas,
105
,
107
,
108
,
109

previously known as Islamic State of Iraq (ISI),
240
,
253

in Raqqa,
117
–
18
,
134
,
254

and Supreme Military Council (SMC),
119

Islamic State of Iraq and Syria/Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant.
See
Islamic State of Iraq and al-Sham

Ismail, Mohammed,
186

isolationism in US,
223

Israel, State of,
69
,
196
–
97
,
212

creation of Israel,
44
,
59
–
60

Arab reactions to,
59
,
65
,
146
,
149
,
152
,
172
,
247

Balfour Declaration,
35
–
36
,
43
,
245

and Britain,
33
–
38
,
59
–
60

and Iran,
162
,
201

key dates in relations with Arabic countries,
247
–
48
,
249
,
253
,
254

offering citizenship for Arabs in,
193

and Palestine,
191
–
212
,
248

refusing to ratify Chemical Weapons Convention,
13

seizing Gaza, Golan, and West Bank,
12
,
18
,
53
,
62
–
63
,
66
,
192
,
193
,
195
,
202
,
247
,
248
.
See also
Gaza Strip; Golan; West Bank

expansion of settlements in,
201
,
202
,
203

and Syria,
12
,
84
,
85
,
191
–
212
,
235

reaction to creation of State of Israel,
59
–
60

in “Six Day War” with Israel (June 1967),
192

and US

AIPAC and Israel lobby influence on US policy in Syria,
200
–
202

Israel supporting Vietnam War,
191

wars and invasions

Arab-Israeli war of 1948,
59
,
65
,
247

attacks on Syria,
198
–
99

invasions of Lebanon,
67
,
68
,
148
,
149
,
199
,
248

“Six Day War” (June 1967),
18
,
62
–
63
,
65
,
66
,
191
–
92
,
193
,
194
,
202
,
203
,
247

three-week assault on Gaza Strip in 2008,
203

“Yom Kippur War” (1973),
63
,
65
,
66
,
247
–
48

Israel Defense Forces (IDF),
68
,
198
–
99

Israeli-Palestinian peace talks in 1991,
248

Issa, Rana,
130
–
31

Izadi, Foad,
150
,
151
,
152
,
164

Jabhat al-Nusra [The Support Front for the People of the Levant]

as an affiliate of al-Qaeda,
88
,
94
,
97
–
98
,
105
,
108
,
239
,
240
,
251
,
254

and chemical weapons,
105
,
107
–
109
,
114

and Free Syrian Army,
195
–
96
,
198

and ISI/ISIS,
99
,
108
,
187

seeing religion as leading role in government,
17
,
240

as a terrorist organization,
97
,
119
,
233
,
240
,
252

violence done by,
88
,
96
,
117
,
137
,
186
,
195
,
230

Jadid, Salah,
64

Jafari, Mohammad Ali,
155

Janansefat, Mohammad Sadegh,
160

Japanese religious cult use of sarin in 1994–1995,
105

Jaysh al-Islam [Army of Islam],
95
–
96
,
240

Jerusalem Post
(newspaper),
200

Jewish Telegraphic Agency,
201

Jihadists/Jihadis,
230
,
240

Jobar, Syria, sarin-gas incident,
110

Johnson, Lyndon,
62

Jolani, Abu Mohammad al-,
97
,
240

Jordan,
24
,
26
,
44
,
45
,
59
,
62
,
66
,
191
,
219
,
225

and British,
27
,
29
,
31
,
32
,
48

rebels trained in or traveling through,
12
,
17
,
18
,
198
,
227
,
230
,
235

in “Six Day War” with Israel (June 1967),
192
,
247

Joseph,
137

Kaddafi, Muammar,
106
,
226
,
229

Kafr Soueah Square in Damascus, bombing in,
91

Kafr Zeta, Syria, chemical attack on,
255

Kalandia checkpoint,
205

Karasu, Mustafa,
184

Karimi, Tahereh,
158

Kaszeta, Dan,
111

“Kathy,”
214
–
15
,
217

KDP.
See
Kurdish Democratic Party

KDPS.
See
Kurdistan Democratic Party of Syria

Keane, Jack,
222

Kennedy, Arthur,
39

Kenya as possible homeland for Jews,
34

Kerry, John,
102
,
104
,
113
,
114
–
15
,
227

Khalaji, Mehdi,
165

Khamenei, Sayed Ali (Supreme Leader in Iran),
148
,
163
,
165

Khan Al Asal, Syria, sarin attack,
109
,
114
,
253

Khan Al Asal (district in Aleppo), sarin attack,
106
–
107

Khomeini, Ruhollah (Ayatollah),
147
,
148
,
149

Khomeini Academy,
153
–
54

Khoury, Bishara al-,
56
–
57

kibbutzim
[communes],
192

kidnappings,
88
,
111
,
118
,
132
–
33
,
155
,
175
,
187

“extraordinary rendition,”
75

King, Henry Churchill, and King-Crane Commission,
44
–
46

Kirkuk, Iraq,
28
,
31
,
55
,
178
,
255

Kitchener, Horatio,
30
–
31

KNC.
See
Kurdish National Council

Korotchenko, Igor,
229

Kosovo and humanitarian intervention,
14

Krak des Chevaliers [Hisn al-Akrad] (Castle of the Kurds),
169

KRG.
See
Kurdish Regional Government

Kurdish Democratic Party (KDP),
170
,
171
,
186
,
242

Kurdish National Council (KNC),
187
,
188
,
242

Kurdish People's Government (Mahabad Republic),
170
–
71

Kurdish Regional Government (KRG),
170
,
178
,
188

Kurdistan Democratic Party of Syria (KDPS),
171

Kurdistan Workers Party [Partiya Karkerên Kurdistan (PKK)],
172
–
74
,
187
–
88
,
242

seen as terrorists,
174
,
176

Kurds,
167
–
89

in Iran,
170
–
71

in Iraq,
177
,
178
–
79
,
180

Kurdish refugees,
167
,
177
,
183

Kurdish regions of Ottoman Empire,
169

list of Kurdish organizations,
242

in Syria,
167
,
171
–
89

and Bashar al-Assad,
178
,
180
,
183
,
184
,
188
,
250

controlling oil fields,
177
,
178

declaring autonomy,
185
–
86
,
189

Syrian citizenship,
21
,
74
,
83
,
176
,
179
,
250

traditional Kurdish dress,
168
,
174

in Turkey,
172
–
74
,
176
–
77
,
183
–
85
,
187
–
88
,
242

Kuwait,
71
,
96
,
218
,
248

Landis, Joshua,
59
–
60
,
111
–
12

Latakia, Syria,
111
,
140
,
199
,
253
,
254

Lausanne, Treaty of (1924), replacing Treaty of Sevres,
49
,
169

Lawrence, T. E.,
23
–
24
,
26
–
27
,
37
–
38
,
39
–
42
,
51

Lawrence of Arabia
(film),
23
,
25
,
26
–
27
,
30
,
32
,
37
,
39
–
40

LCC.
See
Local Coordinating Committees

League of Nations,
47

Lebanon,
23
,
24
,
44
,
45
,
56
,
57
,
59
,
96
,
116
,
124
,
156
,
203
,
219

assassination of prime minister,
75
–
76

author's report from,
186

French in,
29
–
32
,
43
,
48
–
50
,
55
–
57
,
133
,
245
–
46

independence in 1943,
67
–
68

and Iran,
146
,
148
–
49

Israeli invasions,
67

in 1978,
68
,
248

in 1982,
68
,
148
,
248

attempted invasion in 2006,
149

jet attacks in 2013,
253

withdrawal of troops in 2000,
69
,
149

Lebanese Civil War,
67
–
68
,
138
,
140
,
235
,
248

refugees in,
65
,
209

religious groups in,
51
,
53
,
68
,
126
,
133
,
136
,
137
,
148
,
149
,
152
,
206
,
243

and Syria,
68
,
72
,
76
,
77
,
172
,
174
,
206
,
248
,
249
,
255

withdrawal of Syrian troops in 2005,
76
,
249

See also
Beirut, Lebanon; Hezbollah

Lechi
[Stern Gang],
91

Leen,
16
,
86
,
120
,
143
,
220

Lesch, David,
78
,
124

letter bomb, first use of,
91

Libya,
65
,
217
,
230
,
248

Arab Spring and Western intervention in,
113
,
207
,
220
,
221
,
222
,
226
,
229

no-fly zone,
17
,
220
,
226
,
229

and chemical weapons,
105
,
106
,
111