Inside Syria: The Backstory of Their Civil War and What the World Can Expect (40 page)

Revolt of 1925 against,
50
–
53
,
194

Nazi occupation of France,
55
–
56

and Syria,
113
,
225
–
26

Free French,
56
–
57
,
246

Free People of Syria.
See
Ahrar Syria

Free Syrian Army (FSA),
93
–
94
,
97
,
120
,
183
,
184
,
187
,
214
,
254

Ahrar Syria as an FSA brigade,
17
–
18

attacks by,
91
,
94
,
117
,
154
,
195
,
251
,
252
,
253

defectors from Assad's army forming,
90
,
93
,
251

excluded from Islamic Front,
239
,
254

and Israel,
196
,
198

and Supreme Military Council,
94
,
114
,
241
,
252

trying to seem pious to gain Arab funding,
16
–
17

French Mandate (1920–1946).
See
France

Friedman, Lara,
201
–
202

Friedman, Tom,
224

Friends for a NonViolent World,
227

FSA.
See
Free Syrian Army

Fukushima disaster,
162

Future Movement,
137
–
38
,
181
–
82

Gaza Strip,
29
,
72
,
203
,
209
,
210
–
11
,
241
,
243

author's report from,
204
,
207
–
209

Israel seizing,
62
,
192
,
247

General Syrian Congress,
37
,
44
,
47
,
245

Geneva II peace talks,
185
,
254

Georges-Picot, François,
31
–
33

Ghassan, Haj,
116

Gladstone, Rick,
102

Global Post
(newspaper),
141
,
187

Global South summit,
14

“God is sovereign” (slogan for Islamic Front),
97

Golan,
66
,
248
,
255

author's drive through,
192
–
96

efforts to return Golan to Syria,
18
,
63
,
66
,
72
,
174
–
75
,
194
,
202
–
204
,
228
,
248

Israel seizing,
12
,
18
,
53
,
62
–
63
,
66
,
192
,
193
,
195
,
202
,
247
,
248

Syria recapturing some of,
63
,
193
,
248

Golts, Alexander,
229

Goodarzi, Jubin,
146

Gordon, Philip,
189

Gouraud, Henri,
48
,
49
–
50

Great Britain.
See
Britain

Greek Orthodox Church,
211

Green Movement (Iran),
145
,
156

Guinness, Alec,
25

Gulf War, Syrian participating,
65
,
71
,
149
,
228
,
248

Haaretz
(newspaper),
202
,
204

Hafez, Amin al-,
247

Hagel, Chuck,
201

Hagop,
132
–
33
,
134
–
35

Halliburton (company),
218

Halqi, Wael Nader al-,
253

Hama, Syria,
53
,
83
–
84
,
96
–
97
,
181
,
250
–
51
,
255

Muslim Brotherhood rebellion in 1982,
70
–
71
,
248

Hamad,
73

Hamad, Ghazi,
210

Hamas,
149
,
150
,
209
–
210
,
211
,
241
,
243

author's interviews with,
208
–
209
,
210

Hamish Hospital,
109

Hana, Amira,
136

Hanna, Atallah,
211

Hanos, Mohammed Khaled,
84

Harash, Abdul Salaam al-,
135

Harasta, Syria,
254

Harasta Air Base,
91
,
251

Hariri, Rafic,
75
–
76
,
249

Hariri, Saad,
137
–
38

Hasakah, Syria,
186

Hashemi, Nader,
224
–
25

Hashemite family,
25
–
26
,
27
,
42
,
43
.
See also
Abdullah I; Faisal

Hassino, Mahmoud,
86
–
89

Hassoun, Sariya,
90

Hatay Province,
31
,
49
–
50
,
174

Hauser, Zvi,
204

Hedjaz, kingdom of,
43
,
47
.
See also
Syria

Heller, Mark,
197
–
98
,
203

Helleu, Jean,
57

Hersh, Seymour,
103
–
104
,
108
–
109

Herzegovina (Yugoslavia), 1875 rebellion,
25

Hezbollah,
68
–
69
,
148
,
151
,
153
,
157

accused of bombing US barracks, Beirut (1983),
69
,
148

Hamas breaking with,
210

and Iran,
146
,
147
,
148
,
149
,
150
,
154
,
155
,
162
,
197
,
203
,
219
,
235
,
243

and Syria,
76
,
116
,
138
,
143
,
145
–
65
,
203
,
235
,
243
,
253
,
255

providing arms to Hezbollah,
198
–
99
,
219

violence done by,
69
,
76
,
116
,
148
,
154
,
253
,
255

Higgins, Eliot,
105
,
109

Hitler, Adolf,
56

Hizam Arabi
[Arab cordon],
171

homosexuality in Syria,
87
–
89

Homs, Syria,
90
,
181
,
251
,
255

Houla, Syria,
141
,
252

Hudson, John,
119

humanitarian intervention,
13
–
14
,
225
–
26

human-rights record,
215
,
216

siege of rebel-controlled areas hurting civilians,
224
–
25

US advancing business interests over human rights,
217
–
18
,
221

Human Rights Watch,
102
,
104
,
171
,
186

Hussein, Abdullah ibn al-.
See
Abdullah I

Hussein, Faisal bin.
See
Faisal

Hussein, Imam,
153

Hussein, Saddam,
66
,
71
,
78
,
147
–
48
,
172
,
177
,
188

Husseini, Sayed Mohammad,
151
–
52

Hussein ibn Ali, Sharif,
25
–
26

Ibrahim, Hozan,
174

Ibrahim, Taleb,
62
–
63
,
79

IDF.
See
Israel Defense Forces

Idlib Governate in Syria,
96
–
97
,
253

Idris, Salim,
94
–
95
,
96
,
113
,
118
–
19

IF.
See
Islamic Front

“I'm Just Like You” (gay organization in Syria),
87
–
88

independence, Arab desire for,
44
–
45
,
47
,
66
,
68

1925 revolt,
51
–
53

British/French giving lip service to,
25
,
26
,
56
,
245
,
246

and Kurds,
167
,
168
,
169
–
70
,
175
,
178
,
179
,
187

See also
Arab Spring

Independent
(newspaper),
105

Independent Commission of Inquiry on Syria (UN),
107

industrial espionage,
218

Institute for National Security Studies (INSS),
197

Inter-Allied Commission on Mandates in Turkey.
See
King, Henry Churchill, and King-Crane Commission

International Criminal Court,
255

International Criminal Tribunal (for former Yugoslavia),
107

International Monetary Fund,
128

IPSOS poll,
113

Iran,
28
,
145
,
157
–
58
,
160
–
61

declared to be part of “axis of evil,”
148

economy of

economic ties between Iran and Syria,
149
,
155
–
56

Western sanctions on,
157
,
158
–
61
,
163

and Hezbollah,
146
,
147
,
148
,
149
,
154
,
155
,
162
,
203
,
235

Iranian Revolutions

in 1906,
25

in 1979,
147

Iran-Iraq War (1980–1988),
71
,
105
,
147
–
48
,
160
,
248

and Israel,
162
,
201

and nuclear energy or nuclear bomb,
157
,
201

Iran agreeing to freeze nuclear-enrichment program,
161
–
62

wanting as source for electric power,
162
–
63

pro-US and Israel government of the Shah,
157
,
191

supporting Assad,
143
,
145
–
65
,
172

belief if he loses, Iran is weakened,
149
–
50
,
219

growth in criticisms of Assad,
156
–
57
,
164

proposing a peace plan that kept Assad,
163

US embassy takeover in 1979,
156

See also
Revolutionary Guard

Iranian Central Bank,
155

Iranian Constitution,
145

Iran-Iraq-Syria Friendship natural-gas pipeline,
155
–
56

Iraq

British efforts to control after World War I,
31
–
32
,
55

coup in 1968,
172

invasion of Kuwait in 1990,
71
,
248

Iran-Iraq War (1980–1988),
71
,
105
,
160
,
248

Iraqi refugees,
78

and Kurds,
177
,
178
–
79
,
180

labs to make sarin and mustard gas found,
108

seen as political disaster by Syrian opposition,
18

Shia leaders in supporting Assad,
152

state-owned oil company,
178

Transitional Administrative Law (2004),
177

US invasion of in 2003,
12
,
78
,
79
,
98
,
114
,
127
–
28
,
148
,
220
,
221
,
224
,
249

US Army withdrawal in 2011,
98

Iraqi Baathists,
172

IS.
See
Islamic State

ISI.
See
Islamic State of Iraq

ISIS.
See
Islamic State of Iraq and al-Sham

Islam

Lowell Thomas characterizing as a violent, intolerant religion,
41

Muslim Brotherhood populist Islamism,
233

as a religion of peace,
91

US equating Islam with extremism and terrorism,
91

“Islamic Awakening,”
150
,
151

Islamic Front (IF),
96
,
119
,
233
,
239
–
40
,
254

and Supreme Military Council (SMC),
97
,
118
–
19

Islamic Kurdish Front,
187

Islamic Movement of the Free Men of the Levant.
See
Ahrar al-Sham

Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps.
See
Revolutionary Guard