Inventing Ireland (88 page)

21.
W. B. Yeats,
Plays and Controversies,
197–8.

22.
J. M. Synge,
Prose,
ed. Alan Price, Oxford 1968, 400.

23.
D. P. Moran,
The Leader,
2 November 1901.

24.
W. B. Yeats,
Samhain,
October 1902, 8.

25.
Thomas MacDonagh,
Literature in Ireland,
Dublin 1916, 47–8.

26.
W. B. Yeats,
Samhain,
October 1902, 9.

27.
W. B. Yeats,
Samhain,
October 1903, 8.

28.
Frantz Fanon,
A Dying Colonialism,
Harmondsworth 1970, 73.

29.
Salman Rushdie,
Imaginary Homelands,
London 1992, 124.

30.
Quoted in
Samhain,
1903, 35.

31.
W. B. Yeats,
Samhain,
1904, 20.

32.
Rushdie,
Imaginary Homelands,
124–5, 210, 149.

33.
W. B. Yeats,
Samhain,
1908, 7.

1.
All phrases from J. M. Synge, "The Playboy of the Western World",
Plays 2,
ed. Ann Saddlemyer, Oxford 1968.

2.
Ibid., 75.

3.
Ibid., 161.

4.
René Girard,
Violence and the Sacred
translated by Patrick Gregory, Baltimore 1977, 77–80.

5.
P. H. Pearse,
Political Writings and Speeches,
Dublin 1924, 145–6.

6.
Synge,
Plays 2,
173.

7.
Ibid., 73.

8.
W. B. Yeats,
Collected Poems,
226.

9.
J. M. Synge, preface to
Poems,
ed. R. Skelton, London 1962, xxxvi.

10.
Yeats,
Autobiographies,
531.

11.
Kay Dick ed., "Ernest Hemingway",
Writers at Work: The Paris Review Interviews,
Harmondsworth 1972, 188.

12.
J. M. Synge,
Collected Letters 1: 1871–1907,
ed. Ann Saddlemyer, Oxford 1983, 297.

13.
Synge,
Plays 2,
59.

14.
Ibid., 81.

15.
Ibid., 81.

16.
Ibid., 149.

17.
Ibid., 153.

18.
Ibid., 173.

19.
Ibid., 169.

20.
See Michael J. Sidnell, "Synge's Playboy and the Champion of Ulster",
Dalhousie Review,
XLV, Spring 1965, 51–9; and Diane E. Bessai, "Little Hound in Mayo", ibid., XLV1II, Autumn 1968, 372–83.

21.
Mary C. King,
The Drama of J. M. Synge,
London 1985, 49.

22.
Synge,
Plays 1,
19.

23.
Oliver Goldsmith, "The Deserted Village",
Field Day Anthology 1,
Deny 1991, 450.

24.
W. B. Yeats, "Notes and Opinions",
Samhain,
November 1905; also
Samhain,
October 1902, 3–7.

25.
Quoted by Nowlan,
The Gaelic League Idea,
48–9.

26.
Seamus Deane, "Synge and Heroism",
Celtic Revivals,
London 1985,51–62.

27.
David H. Greene and Edward M. Stephens,
J.
M, Synge 1871–1909,
New York 1961, 66.

28.
Synge,
Plays 2,
63.

29.
Fanon,
A Dying Colonialism,
83–5.

30.
Synge,
Plays 2,
63.

31.
Ibid., 89.

32.
Ibid., 103.

33.
Ibid., 95.

34.
John Berger,
Ways of Seeing,
Harmondsworth 1972, 51.

35.
Synge,
Plays 2,
99.

36.
Art Mac Cumhaigh, "Bodaigh na hEorna",
Dánta,
ed. Tomás Ó Fiaich, Dublin 1981, 102.

37.
Dónal Ó Coimáin,
Parliament na mBan,
ed. B Ó Cuív, Dublin 1970, 11. I have modernized spelling in this passage.

38.
Donncha Ó Corráin, "Women in Early Irish Society",
Women in Irish Society,
eds. Margaret MacCurtain and Donncha Ó Corráin, Dublin 1978, 11.

39.
Synge,
Prose,
143.

40.
Synge,
Plays 2,
97.

41.
Ibid., 28.

42.
See Dedan Kiberd,
Synge and the Irish Language,
122–50.

43.
Synge,
Plays 2,
151.

44.
Green and Stephens, 241.

45.
Synge,
Plays 2,
167.

46.
Lady Gregory,
Cuchulain of Muirthemne,
Gerrards Cross 1970, 33.

47.
Synge,
Plays 2,
167.

48.
Interview,
Freeman's Journal,
30 January 1907, 7.

49.
Mary Colum,
Lift and the Dream,
London 1947, 139.

50.
Green and Stephens, 148.

51.
Fanon,
The Wretched of the Earth,
119–49.

52.
Jacques Lacan,
Ecrits: A Selection,
New York 1977, 2.

53.
The Jungian methodology has been most lucidly explained by Helen M. Luke, "Mirrors",
Parabola: The Magazine of Myth and Tradition,
Vol. XI, No. 2, Summer 1986, 56–63.

54.
Synge,
Plays 2,
127.

55.
Ibid., 169.

56.
Fanon,
The Wretched of the Earth,
180.

57.
Synge.
Prose,
398.

58.
Synge,
Poems,
49.

59.
Fanon,
Wretched,
181.

1.
Richard Davis,
Arthur Griffith and Non-Violent Sinn Fein,
Tralee 1974.

2.
Brian Murphy,
Patrick Pearse and the Lost Republican Ideal,
Dublin 1991.

3.
Sean O'Casey,
The Story of the Irish Citizen Army,
Dublin 1919.

4.
C. Desmond Greaves,
The Easter Rising as History,
London 1966.

5.
Quoted by Mary Kotsonouris,
Retreat from Revolution: The Dail Courts 1920–24,
Dublin 1994, 21.

6.
Tim Pat Coogan,
Michael Collins: A Biography,
London 1990.

7.
Lord Craigavon (Sir James Craig), Northern Ireland Parliamentary Debates, Hansard, House of Commons, Vol. 16, Col. 1095.

8.
Michael Farrell,
Northern Ireland: The Orange State,
London 1980.

1.
Standish O'Grady,
History of Ireland: Heroic Period
London 1878, v.

2.
Quoted by Yeats,
Autobiographies,
424.

3.
Yeats,
Collected Poems,
393.

4.
George Russell,
The Living Torch,
ed. Monk Gibbon, London 1937, 134–44.

5.
Yeats,
Collected Poems,
375.

6.
V. I. Lenin,
On Ireland,
London 1949, 32–3.

7.
Conor Cruise O'Brien, "The Embers of Easter",
1916 The Easter Rising,
ed. Owen Dudley Edwards and Fergus Pyle, London 1968, 227. Connolly quotation ibid.

8.
On this phenomenon in other revolutionary situations see Crane Brinton,
The Anatomy of Revolution,
New York 1965, 34, 42, 53, 68 ff.

9.
Russell,
Thoughts for a Convention, 7.

10.
Yeats,
Essays and Controversies,
24. There are
some
anti-English outbursts in the writings of Pearse, but even Fr Francis Shaw – no admirer of Pearse – comments that "nowhere does Pearse teach as explicitly as Tone the duty of hate", "The Canon of Irish History: A Challenge",
Studies,
Summer 1972, LXI, 126.

11.
Shaw,
The Matter with Ireland,
112.

12.
Yeats,
Collected Poems,
205.

13.
Thomas MacDonagh, "Language and Literature in Ireland",
The Irish Review,
IV, March-April 1914, 176–82.

14.
P. H. Pearse,
Plays, Stories, Poems,
Dublin 1924, 336.

15.
Letters of W. B. Yeats,
295.

16.
Quoted by Conor Cruise O'Brien,
Ancestral Voices,
Dublin 1994, 68.

17.
Pearse,
Plays, Stories, Poems,
44.

18.
Joseph Mary Plunkett,
Poems,
Dublin 1916, 59–60.

19.
Yeats,
Collected Plays,
591.

20.
Richard Sennett,
The Fall of Public Man: On the Social Psychology of Capitalism,
New York 1978, 184, 184, 186.

21.
Ibid., 192.

22.
Yeats,
Plays and Controversies,
161.

23.
Ibid., 158.

24.
J. P. Sartre,
Life/Situations,
New York 1977, 167.

25.
Beltaine, No. 3, April 1900.

26.
Yeats,
Collected Poems,
373.

27.
Jose Onega Y Gasset,
España Invertebrada,
Madrid 1922, 3, 146–50.

28.
Yeats,
Collected Plays,
431–46.

29.
Harold Rosenberg, "The Resurrected Romans",
The Tradition of the New,
Chicago 1982, 155 ff.

30.
Brinton, 203.

31.
Máire nic Shiubhlaigh,
The Splendid Years,
Dublin 1955, 87.

32.
Quoted Coogan,
Michael Collins,
53–4.

33.
On this see Robert Wohl,
The Generation of 1914,
Cambridge, Mass. 1979.

34.
Pearse,
Plays, Stories, Poems,
323.

35.
Yeats,
Collected Poems,
206.

36.
Desmond FitzGerald,
Memoirs 1913–16,
London 1968, 142–3.

37.
Pearse,
Plays, Stories, Poems,
324.

38.
Max Weber,
The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism,
London 1985, 104 ff.

39.
Quoted by Bruce Mazlish,
The Revolutionary Ascetic,
New York 1976, 85.

40.
J. J. Horgan,
From Parnell to Pearse,
Dublin 1948, 285.

41.
Shaw,
Studies,
Summer 1972, 123.

42.
P. H. Pearse, "The Coming Revolution", November 1913, 91–2.

43.
See Eric Hobsbawn, "Mass-Producing Traditions: Europe 1870–1914",
The Invention of Tradition,
271.

44.
Ronald Paulson,
Representations of Revolution 1789–1820,
New Haven 1983, 14.

45.
Tom Paine,
The Rights of Man,
Harmondsworth 1969, 71, 73.

46.
Bernard MacLaverty,
Cal,
Belfast 1984, 73.

47.
Yeats,
Collected Poems,
202–5.

48.
Yeats, "The Tragic Theatre",
Essays and Introductions,
245.

1.
Joseph Holloway,
Impressions of a Dublin Playgoer: A Selection,
eds. Robert Hogan and Michael J. O'Neill, London 1967, 215.

2.
David Krause,
Sean O'Casey: the Man and his Work,
London 1967, 22 ff. and Robert G. Lowery, "Sean O'Casey: Art and Politics",
Sean O'Casey; Centenary Essays,
eds. Krause and Lowery, Gerrards Cross 1980, 123 ff.

3.
Citations from Krause, 4–7.

4.
Sean O'Casey,
Drums Under the Windows,
115–30. Reference to the shilling fee is on 130.

5.
Samuel Beckett, "Sean O'Casey",
Disjecta,
New York 1984, 82.

6.
O'Casey,
Drums,
73.

7.
Quoted by Herbert Coston, "Prelude to Playwriting",
Sean O'Casey Modern Judgements,
ed. R. Ayling, London 1969, 49, 50.

8.
Quoted by Onwuchekwa Gemie,
Langston Hughes: An Introduction,
New York 1976, 28.

9.
Sean O'Casey,
Three Plays,
London 1957, 111.

10.
Ibid., 110.

11.
Ibid., 110–11.

12.
Ibid., 27.

13.
Ibid., 8.

14.
Ibid., 70.

15.
Nic Shiubhlaigh,
The Splendid Years,
145.

16.
O'Casey,
Innishfallen, Fare Thee Well
(with
Rose and Crown, Sunset and Evening Star),
London 1963, 125–38.

17.
Bertolt Brecht,
The Life of Galileo,
London 1963, 107–8.

18.
Capt. David Platt in a letter to his wife Jane, May 1916.

19.
Three Plays,
178.

20.
This is the argument put, with some qualifications, by William Irwin Thompson,
The Imagination of an Insurrection: Dublin Easter 1916,
114 ff.

21.
Three Plays, 46.

22.
Yeats,
Mythologies,
331.

23.
Three Plays,
169.

24.
Ibid., 208.

25.
Ibid., 164, 193, 193–4.

26.
O'Casey,
Drums,
273. Connolly ordered that looters be shot

27.
Seamus Deane,
Celtic Revivals,
109. See also Greaves,
Sean O'Casey: Politics and Art,
116–22.

28.
Patrick Pearse,
Political Writings,
Dublin 1924, 371, 376.

29.
O'Casey cites this as the major reason in his autobiography, but his history of the Citizen Army refers favourably to uniforms. See Greaves, 74.

30.
Karl Marx,
Surveys from Exile,
ed. David Fernbach, Harmondsworth 1973, 94.

31.
Quoted Marshall Berman,
All That is Solid Melts into Air,
London 1983, 22–3.

32.
Pearse,
Political Writings,
216.

33.
See Declan Kiberd, "Inventing Irelands",
The Crane Bag,
Vol. 8, No. 1, 1984, 11–25.