Inventing Ireland (93 page)

26.
Ibid., 159.

27.
Hugh Kenner,
A Reader's Guide to Samuel Beckett,
London 1973, 98, 100.

28.
David Greene, lecture on "Bardic Poetry", Trinity College Dublin, 11 March 1967.

29.
Samuel Beckett,
First Love,
London 1974, 17.

30.
Beckett,
Disjecta,
71.

31.
See Ann Saddlemyer ed.,
Letters to Molly: John M. Synge to Main O'Neill,
Harvard 1971.

32.
Synge,
Prose,
202.

33.
Yeats,
Collected Poems,
350.

34.
Beckett,
Waiting for Godot,
10.

35.
Ibid., 12.

36.
Vivian Mercier
Beckett/Beckett, 46.

37.
Samuel Beckett,
Happy Days,
London 1966, 46.

38.
Waiting for Godot,
65, 61.

39.
Ibid., 14–15.

40.
Quoted by Vincent Buckley,
Memory Ireland,
98.

41.
Vincent Buckley, ibid., 98.

42.
Waiting for Godot,
88.

43.
Ibid., 30.

44.
Ibid., 33, 39.

45.
Ibid., 31.

46.
Ibid., 79.

47.
Ibid., 68.

48.
Ibid., 91.

49.
Mercier,
Beckett/Beckett,
53.

50.
Endgame,
12, 34.

51.
Ibid., 39.

52.
Ibid., 47.

53.
Ibid., 30.

54.
Ibid., 12.

55.
Ibid., 13.

56.
Ibid., 13–14.

57.
Ibid., 30.

58.
Ibid., 38.

59.
Waiting for Godot,
64.

60.
Erich Fromm,
The Fear of Freedom,
London 1984, 207.

61.
Endgame,
45.

62.
Fromm,
The
Fear
of Freedom,
96.

63.
Endgame,
51.

64.
The text is reproduced in Eoin O'Brien,
The Beckett Country,
Dublin 1986, 337.

1.
Patrick Pearse,
A Significant Irish Educationalist,
352.

2.
Frantz Fanon,
The Wretched of the Earth,
120.

3.
D. H. Akenson,
A Mirror to Kathleen's Face,
76.

4.
Paul Harrison,
Inside the Third World,
Harmondsworth 1981, 325 ff.

5.
Ngugi wa Thiong'o,
Decolonizing the Mind: The Politics of Language in African Literature,
London 1986, 97, 100.

6.
Chinua Achebe,
Hopes and Impediments,
27–8.

7.
Quoted by Vincent Buckley,
Memory Ireland
Victoria 1985, 175.

8.
Achebe,
Hopes and Impediments,
64.

9.
Ngugi,
Decolonizing the Mind,
89 ff.

10.
Paul Harrison,
Inside the Third World
317.

11.
V. S. Naipaul,
The Mimic-Men,
Harmondsworth 1969, 146.

12.
George Lamming,
Caribbean Essays,
ed. Andrew Salkey, London 1973, 11.

13.
Achebe,
Hopes and Impediments,
58, 84.

14.
John Devitt, "English for the Irish",
The Crane Bag,
Vol. 6, No. 1, 1982, 106.

15.
Daniel Corkery,
Synge and Anglo-Irish Literature,
Cork 1966, 14.

16.
George Lamming,
The Pleasures of Exile,
157.

17.
Corkery,
Synge and Anglo-Irish Literature,
15.

18.
Gauri Viswanarhan, "The Empire Within",
Voice Literary Supplement,
New York, January-February 1989, 22.

19.
Lionel Trilling, "On the Teaching of Modern Literature",
Beyond Culture: Essays on Literature and Learning,
Oxford 1980, 3–27.

20.
Corkery,
Synge and Anglo-Irish Literature,
12.

21.
Quoted by Gareth Griffiths,
A Double Exile: African and West Indian Writing Between Two Countries,
London 1978, 91.

22.
Corkety,
Synge and Anglo-Irish literature,
11.

23.
Fanon,
The Wretched of the Earth,
180.

24.
On this episode see Conor Cruise O'Brien,
To Katanga and Back: A UN Case History,
London 1965.

25.
Conor Cruise O'Brien,
Camus,
London 1970, 85.

26.
Achebe,
Hopes and Impediments,
64.

27.
V. S. Naipaul,
India: A Wounded Civilization,
Harmondsworth 1979, 148.

28.
Conor Cruise O'Brien,
Camus,
84.

29.
Within these general constraints, O'Brien was sometimes capable of adopting a somewhat oedipal attitude to Ó Faoláin; see Donald Harman Akenson,
Conor: A Biography,
Montreal 1994, 120–3.

30.
The phrase was used by Jorge Luis Borges,
Labyrinths.
See footnote 59, Chapter 2.

1.
An excellent source on which I have repeatedly drawn is Fergal Tobin,
The Best of Decades: Ireland in the 1960s,
Dublin 1984.

2.
Ibid., 66.

3.
The speaker was Brian Trevaskis, of the University Philosophical Society, Trinity College, Dublin in 1968.

4.
On television see Lelia Doolan, Jack Dowling and Bob Quinn,
Sit Down and Be Counted,
Dublin 1969. For its effect on Irish language policy see Terence Brown,
Ireland: A Social and Cultural History,
271 ff.

5.
Tobin, 30.

6.
On these developments, see Declan Kiberd, editorial,
The Crane Bag: Irish Language and Culture – An tEagrán Gaelach,
Vol. 5, No. 2, 1981; and passim.

7.
Gearóid Ó Tuathaigh, historian; quoted by Brown, 269.

8.
Report of the Committee on Irish Language Attitudes and Research,
Dublin 1975, 24.

9.
J. J. Lee,
Ireland 1912–1985: Politics and Society,
658–74.

10.
Jeremiah Newman, "Ireland in the Eighties" Our Responsibility",
Chris-tus Rex,
Vol. XXV, No. 3, 1971, 190.

11.
On this, see Peadar Kirby,
Ireland and Latin America: Link and Lessons,
Dublin 1992; and
Has Ireland a Future?,
Cork 1988.

12.
See Fintan O'Toole,
A Mass for Jesse James,
Dublin 1989.

13.
Tobin, 196.

14.
For a mordant southern viewpoint, see Conor Cruise O'Brien,
States of Ireland,
esp. 147–294.

15.
His subsequent book was Richard Rose,
Northern Ireland: A Time of Choice,
London 1976.

16.
On the Northern Ireland "Troubles" see Tim Pat Coogan,
The IRA,
London 1995; and J. J. Lee,
Ireland 1912–1985,
411–57; and Dermot Keogh,
Twentieth Century Ireland,
Dublin 1994, 295–388.

17.
Fionnuala O'Connor,
In Search of a State,
Belfast 1993.

18.
Raymond Crotty,
Ireland in Crisis,
see back.

19.
Michael O'Sullivan,
Mary Robinson,
Dublin 1993.

1.
Letter to Thomas MacGreevy, 31 January 1938.

2.
Patrick Kavanagh,
Collected Poems,
132.

3.
John Montague,
Selected Poems,
Winston-Salem 1982, 62.

4.
The phrase is Augustine Martin's; for the surrounding debate, see issue of
Studies
in the period 1965.

5.
Brown,
Ireland: A Social and Cultural History,
297.

6.
Irving Howe, "The Idea of the Modern",
Literary Modernism,
ed. Howe, New York 1968, 13.

7.
Thomas Kinsella,
Downstream,
Dublin 1962, 48.

8.
Daniel Bell,
The Cultural Contradictions of Capitalism,
London 1979, esp. 33–174.

9.
Thomas Kinsella,
Nightwalker and Other Poems,
Dublin 1968, 59.

10.
Thomas Kinsella, "Another September",
Field Day Anthology 3,
1341.

11.
"Baggot Street Deserta", ibid., 1342.

12.
John Montague,
Selected Poems,
10.

13.
Richard Murphy, "Casement's Funeral",
Field Day Anthology 3,
1338.

14.
Thomas Kinsella,
The Irish Writer,
MLA New York 1966, 58–9.

15.
Michael Hartnett,
A Farewell to English,
Dublin 1978, 64.

16.
Thomas Kinsella, "The Divided Mind",
Irish Poets in English,
209.

17.
Seán Ó Ríordáin, "A Ghaeilge im Pheannsa",
Brosna,
Dublin 1964, 9–10.

18.
Seán Ó Ríordáin, ibid.

19.
Corkeiv,
Synge and Anglo-Irish Literature,
6, 14.

20.
Seán Ó Ríordáin, "Do Dhomhnall Ó Corcora",
Eireaball Spideoíge,
Dublin 1952, 51.

21.
Seamus Deane, "Unhappy and At Home: Interview with Seamus Hea-ney",
The Crane Bag,
1, No. 1, Spring 1977, 64.

22.
Anthony Heaney, "A Gift for Being in Touch",
Quest,
January-February 1978, Vol. 2, No. 1, 42.

23.
Seamus Heaney,
Death of a Naturalist,
London 1966, 23.

24.
Seamus Heaney,
North,
London 1975, 51.

25.
David Lloyd, who first made this connection, discusses it in a very critical essay, "Pap for the Dispossessed: Seamus Heaney and the Poetics of Identity",
Anomalous States: Irish Writing and the Post-Colonial Moment,
Dublin 1993, 13–40.

26.
Seamus Heaney,
North,
37–8.

27.
Denis Donoghue, "Now and in Ireland: the Literature of Trouble",
Hibernia
(Dublin), 11 May 1978, 17.

28.
Heaney,
North,
73.

29.
Seamus Heaney,
Station Island,
London 1984, 83.

30.
Ibid., 98.

31.
Ibid.. 102.

32.
Ibid., 93.

33.
Seamus Heaney,
Seeing Things,
London 1991, 62.

34.
Ibid., 21.

35.
Ibid., 8

36.
Vincent Buckley,
Memory Ireland,
105–6.

37.
Derek Mahon,
Poems 1962–78,
Oxford 1979, 69.

38.
Ibid., 4.

39.
Ibid., 58.

40.
Field Day Anthology 3,
1384.

41.
Ciaran Carson,
Field Day Anthology 3,
1406.

42.
Máire Mhac an tSaoi,
An Cion go dtí Seo,
Dublin 1987, 81. Translation by the poet.

43.
Ibid., 20. Translation by Declan Kiberd

44.
Nuala ní Dhomhnaill,
Pharaoh's Daughter,
Oldcastle 1990, 36, 38.

45.
Ibid., 130, 131.

46.
Ibid., 142, 143.

47.
Ibid., 154, 155.

48.
Eavan Boland,
Field Day Anthology 3,
1395–6.

49.
Eavan Boland, "A Kind of Scan The Woman Poet in a National Tradition",
A Dozen Lips,
Dublin 1994, 80–1.

50.
Ibid., 89, 91.

51.
Edna Longley, "From Cathleen to Anorexia: The Breakdown of Irelands",
A Dozen Lips,
177, 180.

52.
Ibid., 178.

53.
Eavan Boland, "Mise Éire",
A Dozen Lips,
72.

54.
Eavan Boland, "The Emigrant Irish",
Field Day Anthology 3,
1397–8.

55.
The Selected Paul Durcan,
Belfast 1985, 26.

56.
Dermot Bolger,
The Journey Home,
London 1990, 7–8;
The Woman's Daughter,
London 1991.

57.
In the wake of the 75th anniversary of the 1916 Rising, Dermot Bolger wrote articles in
The Sunday Press
strongly promoting this line.

58.
Roddy Doyle,
The Barrytown Trilogy,
Secker and Warburg, London 1992, 13.

59.
Paul Muldoon,
Field Day Anthology 3,
1414–15.

1.
See Benedict Kiely,
Poor Scholar,
London 1947, 47.

2.
For such a critique see Fintan O'Toole, "Island of Saints and Silicon",
Cultural Contexts and Literary Idiom in Contemporary Irish Literature,
ed. Michael Kenneally, Gerrards Cross 1988, 15–18.

3.
P. J. Dowling,
The Hedge Schools of Ireland
Cork 1968.

4.
Michel Foucault, "The Order of Discourse",
Untying the Text: A Post-Structuralist Reader,
London 1981, 53.

5.
On this see Maureen Wall, "The Decline of the Irish Language",
A View of the Irish Language,
81–90.

6.
Report of the Committee on Irish Language Attitudes and Research,
293-305.

7.
Programme note to
Translations,
Field Day 1980.

8.
Seamus Heaney,
Wintering Out,
London 1972, 48.

9.
Brian Friel,
Translations,
London 1981, 51–2.

10.
John Montague,
Selected Poems,
108.

11.
Friel,
Translations,
42.

12.
Ibid., 67.

13.
Ibid., 66–7.

14.
Station Island,
66.

15.
Translations,
43.

16.
On this see Walter Benjamin,
Illuminations,
81 ff.

17.
John Dryden, "On Translation",
Theories of Translation,
eds. R. Schutte and J. Biguenet, Chicago 1992, 28.