Inventing Iron Man (31 page)

suits worn by,
109
,
110

atrial fibrillation,
127

attention, limits of,
70–75

Avatar
(movie),
13
,
156

axons,
23
,
117

Bagley, Marc,
120

Baskin, Toney,
124

Batman: exoskeleton of,
4

Iron Man compared with,
xii

length of career of,
178–79

as “possible” superhero,
120

Bruce Wayne and,
119
. See also
Becoming Batman

batteries, energy storage in,
xiv

BCI.
See
brain-computer interface

BDNF (brain-derived neurotrophic factor),
176

Becoming Batman
(Zehr): description of,
xii

issues introduced in,
82
,
154

length of career of Batman,
178–79

martial arts training,
164

writing of,
150–51

bed rest,
82

Bendis, Brian Michael,
164

Berger, Hans,
55

Bikila, Abebe,
30–31

bionic glove,
42

bionics, definition of,
4

Birdmen, Batmen, & Skyflyers
(Abrams),
136

Black Sabbath and “Iron Man” song,
3–4

blast waves from explosions,
124
,
125
,
171–72

body: adaptability of,
94–95

effects of gravity on,
84
,
85–86

effects of stimulants on,
121–23

effects of stress on,
82

retraining of,
87–88
,
89
,
90–91

temperature of when wearing suit of armor,
81

weight of muscles in,
17
.
See also
movement, biological;
specific parts of body

body-weight assisted treadmill training,
87

Boldrey, Edwin,
52

Bolt, Usain,
36

bomb disposal suits,
124
,
125
,
171

bone density with reduced activity level,
83
,
84
,
86

brain: cerebellum,
117–19
,
118

complexity of,
51

concussions to,
166–67
,
168
,
169–72

cortex of,
50
,
51–53
,
53

deep brain stimulation,
62

electrical signaling of,
49
,
55

electrical stimulation of,
52

electrodes implanted in,
160–61
,
174
,
175

frontal cortex,
167
,
168

increasing representation of body in,
102–3
,
104
,
105

motor cortex of,
21
,
52
,
54

neurons in,
51
,
52

occipital cortex,
167
,
168

plasticity of,
90
,
96
,
109
,
170

somatosensory cortex,
95–96

specialized areas and functions of,
48
,
49
,
51
,
55
.
See also
brain-computer interface; brain-machine interface; frontal lobes

brain-computer interface (BCI): ability to use armor and,
157

changes in with use of prosthetic limb,
102–3
,
104
,
105

EEG and,
55

science of,
47–51

as skill development,
159–60

brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF),
176

BrainGate,
59–61
,
60

brain-machine interface: ability to use armor and,
157

for ALS,
56
,
58

in
Avatar
,
156

description of,
58–61

jacking into satellite,
96

multitasking in,
161

physical and mental condition for,
158–62

potential for use in rehabilitation,
158

sensation from robotic limbs and,
107–8

in telepresence armor,
12–13
,
61–62
,
63
,
64

training to use,
155
,
159–60
,
161–62

brain reserve,
178

Brevoort, Tom,
14–15

Broca, Paul,
51

Burkett, Brendan,
29–30

Buschman, Timothy,
51

caffeine, as stimulant,
121–22

Cajal, Santiago Ramon y,
149–50

calculus,
132

Caldwell, J. Lynn,
122

Captain America,
164
,
165

Caramagna, Joe,
155

Card, Orson Scott,
Ultimate Iron Man
,
101
,
120

Cardinali, Lucilla,
108
,
109

cardiovascular system, with reduced activity level,
82
,
83
. See also
heart

Carmena, Jose,
102
,
103
,
105

Carson, Richard,
99

Caton, Richard,
55

cell bodies,
23

cell phones, multitasking with,
71–72
,
76

cells: death of,
117

ions in,
20

pacemaker,
126
.
See also
neurons

cellular pumps (Na-K ATPase),
20

center of mass (COM),
31
,
33
,
34

central pattern generators,
90–91

cerebellum, damages to in alcoholism,
117–19
,
118

Cernak, Ibolja,
171

cervical region of spine and spinal cord,
21
,
22
,
58–59

chest plate,
xiii
,
xiv
,
128
.
See also
implantable cardioverter defibrillator

chloride,
20

classic red and gold armor: description of,
7
,
9–11

HAL suit compared with,
144–45
,
145
,
146

closed loop control,
62

cochlear prosthetics/implants,
42
,
173
,
174
,
176

cognitive load,
70

cognitive reserve,
178

Colossus,
4

COM (center of mass),
31
,
33
,
34

combat aviation, as art,
123

common peroneal nerve,
40

computer malfunctions,
128–30

concussion, risks of,
166–67
,
168
,
169–72

contractile proteins,
24

contractions, shortening,
26

contre coup in concussions,
167

cortex of brain, role of in movement,
50
,
51–53
,
53

creativity and genius: description of,
132

force and,
150–51

formal education and,
149

open minds for,
133–34

in scientific discovery,
148

targeting,
133

Crosby, Sidney,
169

Curie, Marie,
149

Cyberdyne Inc.,
43
,
144
,
147
.
See also
HAL (Hybrid Assistive Limb) robot suit

CyberKinetics BrainGate,
59–61
,
60

Cybermen (
Dr. Who
characters),
4–5

cybernetics, definition of,
4

cyborgs,
4–5
,
14

Dar, Kathleen (character),
87

The Dark Knight Returns
(Miller),
4

Darwin, Charles,
149
,
150

da Vinci, Leonardo,
132
,
133

deconditioning effects: on astronauts,
83–85
,
84
,
86

of wearing armor,
82–83
,
83
,
85–86

deep brain stimulation,
62

deep diving and underwater exosuits,
141–42
,
143

defibrillator, implantable cardioverter (ICD).
See
implantable cardioverter defibrillator

De Jong, Marla,
71

Demon in a Bottle story arc,
119–21

depressants.
See
alcohol

dermatomes and nerves in spine,
21
,
22

Descartes, René,
50

Devauchelle, Bernard,
97

Dinoire, Isabelle,
97
,
98

Downey, Robert, Jr.,
xiii
,
165

dual task paradigm,
72–75

Dubernard, Jean-Michel,
97

du Petit, Francois Pourfour,
50

eccentric contractions,
26

Edison, Thomas,
148

EEG.
See
electroencephalography

Ehrsson, Henrik,
106

Einstein, Albert,
131–32
,
148–49

electrical signaling of brain,
49
,
55

electrical stimulation: of brain,
52

of neurons,
55–56

electrodes implanted in brain,
160–61
,
174
,
175

electroencephalography (EEG),
55–56
,
57
,
95

electromyography (EMG),
58

Ellis, Warren:
Extremis
,
109
,
146

Extremis armor,
14

embodiment: armored exoskeletons and,
109–10

Extremis armor and,
14

pilots and,
76

prosthetic limbs and,
106–7
,
107

tools and devices and,
108–9

Emotiv,
58

encapsulation, process of,
174
,
175

energy drinks, caffeinated,
122

epilepsy,
51
,
160–61

ergogenic aids,
121

ethanol.
See
alcohol

excitable tissue,
19–20
,
49

exercise: to counter deconditioning effects,
86

in training to use armor,
177–78

exoskeleton: for ankle joint,
33
,
34

of Batman,
4

embodiment and,
109–10

Lokomat robotic,
87–88
,
89
,
90
,
91

lower limb,
35
,
36

neurorobotics,
87–88
,
89
,
90

robotic, structure and function of human limbs compared with,
19–20

underwater,
141–42
,
143

Exosuit,
142
,
143

Extremis armor: as best possible,
112
,
179–80

depiction of,
7

description of,
13–15

origin story,
147

Tony Stark on,
134

face shield,
10
,
11
,
171

face transplants,
97–98

fast twitch motor units,
25

Favreau, Jon,
3

Fernandez, Eduardo,
62

Ferris, Dan,
33

FES.
See
functional electrical stimulation

fibula,
29
,
40

fingers, neuroprosthetics for,
44
,
45

fixed wing flyers,
135–36
,
137
,
138–41

flying, “events” when,
76

fMRI.
See
functional magnetic resonance imaging

Follain, John,
98

foot drop,
40

force production in muscles: changing,
24

oddities in,
25–26

force-velocity relation,
25–26

Fraction, Matt,
96

Freud, Sigmund,
149

friendly fire accident in Afghanistan,
122–23

Friscolanti, Michael,
Friendly Fire
,
123

Fritsch, Gustav,
51–52

frontal cortex,
167
,
168

frontal lobes: alcoholism and,
119

concussions and,
169

functions of,
49
,
51

functional electrical stimulation (FES),
39–40
,
41
,
42

functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI),
96

GABA
_a
receptors,
116

Galen,
49–50

Galvani, Luigi,
50

Ganguly, Karunesh,
102
,
103
,
105

genius: creativity and,
132
,
133–34
,
148
,
149
,
150–51