Iron Kingdom : The Rise and Downfall of Prussia, 1600-1947 (119 page)

BOOK: Iron Kingdom : The Rise and Downfall of Prussia, 1600-1947
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4.
Count Schwarzenberg to Chancellor Pruckmann, 22 July 1626, reporting remarks by the Elector, cited in Johann Gustav Droysen,
Geschichte der preussischen Politik
(14 vols., Berlin, 1855–6), vol. 3, part I,
Der Staat des Grossen Kurfürsten
, p. 41; Cosmar,
Beiträge
, p. 50.

5.
Catholic possessions were calculated according to the status quo at the time of the Peace of Passau (1552). For an English translation of the Edict of Restitution, see E. Reich (ed.),
Select Documents
(London, 1905), pp. 234–5.

6.
On Swedish objectives and involvement in the war, see Michael Roberts,
Gustavus Adolphus: A History of Sweden 1611–1632
(2 vols., London, 1953–8), vol. 1, pp. 220–28, vol. 2, pp. 619–73.

7.
Cited in L. Hüttl,
Friedrich Wilhelm von Brandenburg, der Grosse Kurfürst
(Munich, 1981), p. 39.

8.
Frederick II,
Mémoires
, p. 73.

9.
W. Lahne,
Magdeburgs Zerstörung in der zeitgenössischen Publizistik
(Magdeburg, 1931), esp. pp. 7–24; 110–47.

10.
Roberts,
Gustavus Adolphus
, vol. 2, pp. 508–13.

11.
Hintze,
Die Hohenzollern
, p. 176.

12.
Frederick II,
Mémoires
, p. 51; J. A. R. Marriott and C. Grant Robertson,
The Evolution of Prussia. The Making of an Empire
(Oxford, 1917), p. 74; Gotthard, ‘Zwischen Luthertum und Calvinismus’, pp. 87–94.

13.
Droysen,
Der Staat des Grossen Kurfürsten
, p. 38.

14.
Roberts,
Gustavus Adolphus
, vol. 1, pp. 174–81.

15.
Droysen,
Der Staat des Grossen Kurfürsten
, p. 39.

16.
Christoph Fürbringer,
Necessitas und Libertas. Staatsbildung und Landstände im 17. Jahrhundert in Brandenburg
(Frankfurt/Main, 1985), p. 34.

17.
Hahn, ‘Landesstaat und Ständetum’, p. 59.

18.
Droysen,
Der Staat des Grossen Kurfürsten
, p. 118.

19.
Fürbringer,
Necessitas und Libertas
, p. 54.

20.
Ibid., pp. 54–7.

21.
Otto Meinardus (ed.),
Protokolle und Relationen des Brandenburgischen Geheimen Rates aus der Zeit des Kurfürsten Friedrich Wilhelm
(4 vols., Leipzig, 1889–1919), vol. 1 (= vol. 41 of the series
Publicationen aus den K. Preussischen Staatsarchiven
), p. xxxiv.

22.
Ibid., p. xxxv; August von Haeften (ed.),
Ständische Verhandlungen
, vol. 1: Kleve-Mark (Berlin, 1869) (= vol. 5 of the series
Urkunden und Acktenstücke zur Geschichte des Kurfürsten Friedrich Wilhelm von Brandenburg
; henceforth UuA), pp. 58–82.

23.
Fritz Schröer,
Das Havelland im dreissigjährigen Krieg. Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der Mark Brandenburg
(Cologne, 1966), p. 32.

24.
Ibid., p. 37.

25.
Geoff Mortimer,
Eyewitness Accounts of the Thirty Years’ War 1618–1648
(Houndmills, 2002), p. 12.

26.
On contributions, see ibid., pp. 47–50, 89–92; Parker,
Thirty Years’ War
, pp. 197, 204.

27.
Schröer,
Havelland
, p. 48.

28.
Ibid., p. 34.

29.
B. Seiffert (ed.), ‘Zum dreissigjährigen Krieg: Eigenhändige Aufzeichnungen von Stadtschreibern und Ratsherren der Stadt Strausberg’,
Jahresbericht des Königlichen Wilhelm-Gymnasiums zu Krotoschin
, 48 (1902), Supplement, pp. 1–47, cited in Mortimer,
Eyewitness Accounts
, p. 91.

30.
Herman von Petersdorff, ‘Beiträge zur Wirtschafts-Steuer-und Heeresgeschichte der Mark im dreissig-Jährigen Kriege’,
Forschungen zur Brandenburgischen und Preussischen Geschichte
(henceforth
FBPG
), 2 (1889), pp. 1–73, here pp. 70–73.

31.
Robert Ergang,
The Myth of the All-Destructive Fury of the Thirty Years’ War
(Pocono Pines, Pa, 1956); Steinberg,
The Thirty Years’ War
, pp. 2–3, 91. Revisionist analysis: Ronald G. Asch, ‘ “Wo der Soldat hinkömbt, da ist alles sein”: Military Violence and Atrocities in the Thirty Years War Re-examined’,
German History
, 18 (2000), pp. 291–309.

32.
Philip Vincent,
The Lamentations of Germany
(London, 1638).

33.
On the relationship between narrative and experienced trauma in the Thirty Years War, see Bernd Roeck, ‘Der dreissigjährige Krieg und die Menschen im Reich. überlegungen zu den Formen psychischer Krisenbewältigung in der ersten Hälfte des siebzehnten Jahrhunderts’, in Bernhard R. Kroener and Ralf Pröve (eds.),
Krieg und Frieden. Militär und Gesellschaft in der frühen Neuzeit
(Paderborn, 1996), pp. 265–79; Geoffrey Mortimer, ‘Individual Experience and Perception of the Thirty Years War in Eyewitness Personal Accounts’,
German History
, 20 (2002), pp. 141–60.

34.
Report of the outdwellers (
Kiezer
) of Plaue, 12 January 1639, cited in Schröer,
Havelland
, p. 94.

35.
B. Elsler (ed.),
Peter Thiele’s Aufzeichnung von den Schicksalen der Stadt Beelitz im Dreissigjährigen Kriege
(Beelitz, 1931), p. 12.

36.
Ibid., p. 13.

37.
Ibid., pp. 12, 15.

38.
Georg Grüneberg,
Die Prignitz und ihre städtische Bevölkerung im 17. Jahrhundert
(Lenzen, 1999), pp. 75–6.

39.
Meinardus (ed.),
Protokolle und Relationen
, vol. 1, p. 13.

40.
Address by Schwarzenberg to various commanders of the Brandenburg regiments, Cölln, 22 February/1 March 1639, cited in Otto Meinardus, ‘Schwarzenberg und die brandenburgische Kriegführung in den Jahren 1638–1640’,
FBPG
, 12/2 (1899), pp. 87–139, here pp. 127–8.

41.
Meinardus (ed.),
Protokolle und Relationen
, vol. 1, p. 181, doc. no. 203, 12 March 1641.

42.
Mortimer,
Eyewitness Accounts
, pp. 45–58, 174–8.

43.
M. S. Anderson,
War and Society in Europe of the Old Regime 1618–1789
(Phoenix Mill, 1998), pp. 64–6.

44.
Werner Vogel (ed.),
Prignitz-Kataster 1686–1687
(Cologne, Vienna, 1985), p. 1. The standard work on mortalities is still Günther Franz,
Der dreissigjährige Krieg und das deutsche Volk
(3rd edn, Stuttgart, 1961), pp. 17–21. Franz occupies a complex position in the historiography, mainly because of his outspoken adherence to the National Socialist regime. The traces of this commitment can still be discerned – despite some careful editing of the more egregious passages – in the post-war editions of his work. In the 1960s, Franz’s calculations were vehemently rejected by Saul Steinberg, who argued that they were based on reports that exaggerated mortalities or vacancies in order to evade taxation. Steinberg came to the provocative – and bizarre – conclusion that ‘in 1648, Germany was neither better nor worse off than in 1609’ (Steinberg,
The Thirty Years War
, p. 3); this view was taken up by Hans-Ulrich Wehler in p. 54 of the first volume of his
Deutsche Gesellschaftsgeschichte
(5 vols., Munich, 1987–2003). However, recent studies have tended to endorse Franz’s findings. The sources are especially full and reliable for Brandenburg. See J. C. Thiebault, ‘The Demography of the Thirty Years War Revisited: Günther Franz and his Critics’,
German History
, 15 (1997), pp. 1–21.

45.
Lieselott Enders,
Die Uckermark. Geschichte einer kurmärkischen Landschaft vom 12. bis zum 18. Jahrhundert
(Weimar, 1992), p. 527.

46.
See, for example, A. Kuhn, ‘Über das Verhältniss Märkischer Sagen und Gebräuche zur altdeutschen Mythologie’,
Märkische Forschungen
, 1 (1841), pp. 115–46.

47.
Samuel Pufendorf,
Elements of Universal Jurisprudence in Two Books
(1660), Book 2, Observation 5, in Craig L. Carr (ed.),
The Political Writings of Samuel Pufendorf
, trans. Michael J. Seidler (New York, 1994), p. 87.

48.
Samuel Pufendorf,
On the Law of Nature and Nations in Eight Books
(1672), Book 7, ch. 4, in ibid., p. 220.

49.
Ibid., p. 221.

50.
Samuel Pufendorf,
De rebus gestis Friderici Wilhelmi Magni Electoris Brandenburgici commentatiorum
, book XIX (Berlin, 1695).

51.
Johann Gustav Droysen, ‘Zur Kritik Pufendorfs’, in id.,
Abhandlungen zur neueren Geschichte
(Leipzig, 1876), pp. 309–86, here p. 314.

3 An Extraordinary Light in Germany
 

1.
Ferdinand Hirsch, ‘Die Armee des Grossen Kürfürsten und ihre Unterhaltung während der Jahre 1660–1666’,
Historische Zeitschrift
, 17 (1885), pp. 229–75.

2.
Helmut Börsch-Supan, ‘Zeitgenössische Bildnisse des Grossen Kurfürsten’, in Gerd Heinrich (ed.),
Ein Sonderbares Licht in Teutschland. Beiträge zur Geschichte des Grossen Kurfürsten von Brandenburg (1640–1688
) (Berlin, 1990), pp. 151–66.

3.
Otto Meinardus, ‘Beiträge zur Geschichte des Grossen Kurfürsten’,
FBPG
, 16/2 (1903), pp. 173–99, here p. 176.

4.
On the influence of neo-stoicism on the political thought and action of Elector Frederick William and of early modern sovereigns more generally, see esp. Gerhard Oestreich,
Neostoicism and the Early Modern State
, ed. B. Oestreich and H. G. Koenigsberger, trans. D. McLintock (Cambridge, 1982).

5.
Derek McKay,
The Great Elector, Frederick William of Brandenburg-Prussia
(Harlow, 2001), pp. 170–71.

6.
Cited from an edict of 1686 in Martin Philippson,
Der Grosse Kurfürst Friedrich Wilhelm von Brandenburg
(3 vols., Berlin, 1897–1903), vol. 3, p. 91.

7.
On the naval and colonial plans of the Elector, see Ernst Opgenoorth,
Friedrich Wilhelm der Grosse Kurfürst von Brandenburg
(2 vols., Göttingen, 1971–8), vol. 2, pp. 305–11; E. Schmitt, ‘The Brandenburg Overseas Trading Companies in the 17th Century’, in Leonard Blussé and Femme Gaastra (eds.),
Companies and Trade. Essays on European Trading Companies During the Ancien Regime
(Leiden, 1981), pp. 159–76;Hüttl,
Friedrich Wilhelm
, pp. 445–6; Heinz Duchhardt, ‘Afrika und die deutschen Kolonialprojekte der 2.Hälfte des 17. Jahrhunderts’,
Archiv für Kulturgeschichte
, 68 (1986), pp. 119–33; a useful historiographical discussion is Klaus-Jürgen Matz, ‘Das Kolonialexperiment des Grossen Kurfürsten in der Geschichtsschreibung des 19. und 20. Jahrhunderts’, in Heinrich (ed.),
Ein Sonderbares Licht
, pp. 191–202.

8.
Albert Waddington,
Le Grand Électeur F
ŕ
edéric Guillaume de Brandenbourg: sa politique extérieure, 1640–1688
(2 vols., Paris, 1905–8), vol. 1, p. 43; comments by Götze and Leuchtmar, Stettin, 23 April 1643, in Bernhard Erdmannsdörffer (ed.),
Politische Verhandlungen
, (4 vols., Berlin, 1864–84), vol. 1 (= UuA, vol. 1), pp. 596–7.

9.
Lisola to Walderode, Berlin, 30 November 1663, in Alfred Pribram (ed.),
Urkunden und Aktenstücke zur Geschichte des Kurfürsten Friedrich Wilhelm von Brandenburg
, vol. 14 (Berlin, 1890), pp. 171–2.

10.
Hermann von Petersdorff,
Der Grosse Kurfürst
(Gotha, 1926), p. 40.

11.
McKay,
Great Elector
, p. 21; Philippson,
Der Grosse Kurfürst
, vol. 1, pp. 41–2.

12.
Margrave Ernest to Frederick William, Cölln, 18 May 1641, in Erdmannsdörffer (ed.),
Politische Verhandlungen
, vol. 1, pp. 451–2.

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