It's a Jungle in There: How Competition and Cooperation in the Brain Shape the Mind (49 page)

Merzenich, Michael,
31
–
32
,
33

method of loci,
144
–
45

Mewhort, D. J. K.,
210
n34

Miller, George,
63

Miller, Jeff,
79

mind

as battlefield,
1

“Breakthrough: Robotic Limbs Moved by the Mind” and,
206
n17

competition and,
1

dumb entities within,
viii
–
ix

elf metaphor and,
2
–
3

Emerging Minds
and,
172

E pluribus unum
and,
10

functional mechanisms of,
5
–
6

Beyond the Learning Curve: The Construction of Mind
and,
150

no chief executive in,
9
–
10

pandemonium and,
3
–
5
,
4
f
,
195
n4

mirror neurons,
121
–
23

mis-combining,
97
–
98

Mr. Total Recall (cartoon character),
127
,
208
n1

mnemonics,
144
–
45

modeling

mathematical,
197
n12

neural network modeling approach,
172
–
73
,
214
n19

physical action and,
118

monkey physical action example,
109
–
10

more than there is perception,
91
–
93

motion aftereffects,
87
–
88

Müller, Johannes,
177
–
78

“Multisensory Control of Hippocampal Spatiotemporal Selectivity” (
Science
magazine),
217
n71

murmuration,
177
,
215
n32

muscle activation,
75
–
76

myelin,
22

Nairne, James,
182

natural selection

assumptions of,
13

defined,
12

functional mechanisms of,
13
,
14

ideas and,
187
–
88

mental executive and,
13

origins of idea of,
196
n6

trial-and-error learning and,
113
–
14
,
206
n23

Necker, Louis Albert,
42

Necker cube,
42
–
43
,
43
f

negative exponential function,
210
n34

negative priming,
49
,
77
–
78

negative set effects,
155
,
156
–
57

Neisser, Ulric,
148
–
49

nerve conduction,
74
–
75
,
202
n23

nerve energies,
177
–
78

neural democracy,
108
–
10
,
109
f
,
206
n17

neural network modeling approach

concepts and,
172
–
73

PDP and,
173
,
214
n19

neural transplantation,
178
–
79

neurons

afferent and efferent fibers,
25
,
198
n10

Bell-Magendie Law and,
24
–
26

brain’s macroscopic organizational features and,
26
–
27

feature detectors,
29

hidden neural niches and,
134
,
209
n17

interneurons,
25
–
26

mirror,
121
–
23

parts of body and,
31
–
34
,
32
f

plasticity and,
30
–
36

prototypical,
22

social cognition and,
176

survival of,
23
–
24

synapses and,
23

neurotransmitters,
23

niche

hidden neural,
134
,
209
n17

opportunities,
19
,
197
n22

9-dot problem,
159
,
160
–
61
,
161
f
,
213
n16

Norman, D. A.,
3
,
4
f

no-stone-goes-unturned principle,
19
–
20

object-based attention,
56

observation-based learning,
118

Occam’s razor,
69
,
202
n11

off-center cells,
83

offspring survival,
182

Ohm’s Law,
170
,
214
n111

old skills,
135
,
209
n18

on-center cells,
83

127
Hours
(movie),
103
–
4

On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection
(Darwin, Charles),
12
.
See also
Darwin’s theory

opponent-process model,
86
–
87

opportunistic journey,
114
,
207
n28

organ donation,
158

orienting reflex,
45

Origins of Genius: Darwinian Perspectives on Creativity
(Simonton),
164

over-generalization,
116

pain,
129
,
208
n6

Palmer, John,
149

pandemonium,
3
–
5
,
4
f
,
195
n4

parallel distributed processing (PDP),
173
,
204
n22
,
214
n19

parallel search,
67
–
68

Pashler, Harold,
44
,
58

Pavlov, Ivan,
135
–
36

PDP.
See
parallel distributed processing

perception

action-related perceptual enhancement,
120
–
21

action-related perceptual suppression,
119
–
20

Ames room and,
90
–
91

blind spot and,
91

center-surround inhibition and,
82
–
84

color aftereffects and,
84
–
87

critical period effect and,
99

depth perception and,
99
–
100

discrimination and,
101
–
2

embodied,
43
,
200
n13

experience and,
98
–
99
,
204
n29

features and,
96
–
99

horseshoe crabs and,
81
–
82

inference and,
88
–
90

late development and,
99
–
100

lateral inhibition and,
82

more than there is,
91
–
93

motion aftereffects and,
87
–
88

phoneme restoration effect and,
92

pirates and,
96
,
204
n23

population coding and,
206
n17

proofreader’s error and,
91
–
92
,
204
n17

top-down processing and,
92
–
93

visual training and,
96
–
102

word superiority effect and,
93
–
95
,
95
f
,
204
n22

perceptual instability,
42
–
43

peripheral-site hypothesis,
177
–
78

phoneme,
188

restoration effect,
92

physical action

action-related perceptual enhancement,
120
–
21

action-related perceptual suppression,
119
–
20

action slips and,
105
–
6
,
205
n7

Bayes’ Rule and,
117
–
18

context sensitivity,
112

editing and,
106
–
8
,
205
n13

errors and,
105
–
6
,
205
n7

language learning and,
116
–
17

mirror neurons and,
121
–
23

modeling and,
118

monkey example,
109
–
10

127
Hours
and,
103
–
4

planning and,
104

population coding and,
108
–
10
,
109
f
,
206
n17

reflex modulation and,
111
–
13
,
206
n20

robots and,
105
,
206
n17

spaced practice and,
114
–
16

trial-and-error learning and,
113
–
14
,
206
n23

working memory and,
8
–
9
,
195
n12

piggy-bank study,
143

Pinker, Steven,
179

pirates,
96
,
204
n23

planning

evolutionary biology and,
16

physical action and,
104

plasticity

Barry and,
99
–
100

consequences of,
34
–
35

depth perception and,
99
–
100

discovery of,
31

experience and,
33
–
34

neural,
30
–
36

synesthesia and,
35
–
36

Poincaré, Henri,
153

politics,
184

population

coding,
108
–
10
,
109
f
,
206
n17

decision making and,
9
–
10

E pluribus unum
and,
10

self as,
9

thinking,
6

positive set effects,
154
–
56

Posner, Michael,
46
–
47
,
48
–
49

post-exposure effect,
147

power function,
210
n34

power law of learning,
104
f
,
139
–
40
,
210
n34
,
211
n35

Precambrian rabbit,
169
–
70
,
214
n10

prediction,
135
–
36

preferential looking,
171

prejudice,
149

priming,
49
,
77
–
78
,
202
n25

Principles of Psychology
(James),
41

problem solving

anagram problem,
156

analogies and,
160

Archimedes and,
151
–
52

candle-on-the-wall problem,
157
–
58

cheap necklace problem,
154
,
212
n4

creativity and,
159
,
160
–
61

framing effects and,
158
–
59

functional fixedness and,
156
–
57

genius and,
164

hard work and,
162

hints and,
157
–
58

improvisation and,
162
–
63

incubation and,
153
–
54

jug problem,
155

lawn mower and,
213
n20

9-dot problem,
159
,
160
–
61
,
161
f
,
213
n16

overview about,
151
–
53

recombination and,
163

set effects and,
154
–
56

two string problem,
156
–
57

Velcro and,
161

production,
53

proofreader’s error,
91
–
92
,
204
n17

proto-concept,
215
n21

Proust, Marcel,
132

pruning,
22

psychological refractory period,
44
,
200
n15

punctuated equilibrium,
18

qualia

associationism and,
180
–
81

central-site hypothesis of,
178
–
79

chemistry and,
180

consciousness and,
176
–
81

integration and,
180

nerve energies and,
177
–
78

neural transplantation and,
178
–
79

peripheral-site hypothesis of,
177
–
78

racehorse model,
79
,
203
n32

radio error example,
106

Ramachandran, Vilayanur,
34
–
35

Ramón y Cajal, Santiago,
23

Ray, Bill,
216
n67

reaction time (RT)

choice,
60
–
61