James the Brother of Jesus and the Dead Sea Scrolls I (122 page)

Vita
:
Josephus,
Autobiography of Flavius Josephus

War
:
Josephus,
The Jewish War

Notes

Introduction

1.
Maccabees, Zadokites, Christians and Qumran
, Leiden, 1983, p. xvii.

2.
War
1.1.

3.
War
2.259 and 2.264/
Ant.
20.168.

4.
War
2.261-3/
Ant.
20.169-71.

5. Cf. Koran 3.45, 4.156–7, and 19.20–21 with Augustine, Sermon 191.

Chapter 1

1. Augustine’s Letters 28 (394 CE), 40 (397), and Jerome’s response, Letter 72 (404).

2.
EH
3.27.1.

3. Matt. 5:20, Luke 6:20, and Jas. 2:2–6. For Paul, Gal. 2:10.

4. See ‘Wall’, ‘Fortress’/‘Bulwark’ and ‘Rock’ symbolism in 1QH 3.35, 5.39, 6.25–9, 9.298, 1QS 8.7–8, and
EH
3.7.8–9.

5. For ‘Enemy’, see Paul in Gal. 4:16, the Parable of the Tares in Matt. 13:25–39, Ps.
Rec
. 1.70–71, and Jas. 4:4.

6.
EH
2.1.4.

7. Gos. Th. 12 and Ps.
Rec
. 1.43.

Chapter 2

1. I Macc. 8:1–31, 12:7, and 14:16–24.

2.
War
3.399–407. Cf. Suetonius,
The Twelve Caesars
, 10.4; Tacitus,
The Histories
, 2.78ff. and 5.13.

3. ARN 4.5,
b. Git.
56a–b,
Lam. R.
1.5.31 and
b. Yoma
39b.

4. Cf.
Vita
13–16 with
War
3.346–9.

Chapter 3

1. See, for instance, the picture of these ‘camps’ in 1QM 7.3–7, 12.6–7, 19.1, CD 12.22–14.8, and
MMT
, Lines 2.66-70 in
DSSU
, p. 195.

2.
Haeres.
19, 29.1.1–7, and 30.3.2.

3.
On the Contemplative Life
2.

4. See, for instance,
Ket.
30b, where a man sentenced to stoning ‘falls down from the roof’ or
M. San.
9.6 on ‘the
Kanna‘im
’ killing a priest serving at the altar in a state of ritual uncleanness by splitting open his head with clubs and compare with
E.H.
2.23.16–18 or 2 Apoc. Jas 61–2.

5. Cf. Phil. 2:25 and 4:18–22 with
Ant.
1.8,
Vita
430, and
Apion
1.1, 2.1, and 2.296.

6. Cf. Jas. 5:1–7 with 1QpHab 12.3–10, 4QPs 37 2.9–3.10 (‘The Church of the Poor’), and the ‘Hymns of the Poor’ (4Q434–6) in
DSSU
, pp. 233–41.

7.
War
1.535–7/
Ant
. 16.121–7 and 356.

Chapter 4

1.
Ant.
20.97–8. Acts 12:2 refers only to ‘Herod the King’, but in the New Testament all Herodians were known as ‘Herod’.

2. Gal. 2:2–9, I Cor. 8:1–13, 2 Cor. 3:1–9, 5:12, 10:12–16, 11:5–22, and 12:11.

3.
EH
2.6.3–8 and 3.5.1–3.7.7.

4. Matt. 19:30 and 20:16/Mark 10:31/Luke 13:30.

5. Matt. 13:57/Mark 6:4/Luke 4:24.

6. Matt. 12:46–50/Mark 3:31–5/Luke 8:19–21.

7. Matt. 11:21/Luke 10:13.

8.
Historia Sacra
2.30–31.

Chapter 5

1. See fragments in ANCL and
EH
2.15.2 and 3.39.

2. Matt. 13:55/Mark 6:3.

3.
EH
quoting Justin Martyr,
Apology
1.26, who came from Samaria, and Ps.
Rec
. 2.7 and
Hom.
6.7.

4. For a detailed analysis of this topic, see
MZCQ
, pp. 28–31 and 78–89.

5. 4Q394-99, which Prof. Wise and I called ‘Two Letters of Works Reckoned as Righteousness’ in
DSSU
, pp. 182–200.

6. 1QS 9.13–16 and 9.17–25.

7. 1QS 4.2–5.23 and 8.1–9.6.

8. See 1QpHab 5.12–6.11.

9. Ps.
Rec.
1.71–2.

10. CD 9.17–22, 13.15–17, 14.8–12, 15.7–14, and 4QD266 1–16; also 1QS 6.12–20.

Chapter 6

1. 28 BCE. Mariamme’s sons were executed  in 7–6 BCE, two years before Herod’s own death;
Ant.
15.247–52/
War
  1.550–51.

2. Cf. Matt. 9:10–13, 11:19, 21:31–32, and pars.

3.
Ant.
20.145. For the ban on niece marriage see CD 4.17–5.11, 7.1–2, 8.6–7, and 11QT 66.11–17.

4. 11QT 56.12–57.18 (cf. Deut. 17:15–17).

5.
War
1.185 and 357/
Ant.
14.125, 140, and 20.245 (also see
War
1.154, for Pompey earlier in 63 BCE after storming the Temple.

6.
War
2.119–66/
Ant.
18.11–25.

7. Mark 3:18; in Matt. 10:3 also ‘Lebbaeus who was surnamed Thaddaeus’.

8.
EH
3.19.1–20.7 and 3.32.1–8; cf. Hippolytus 9.21’s ‘Zealot Essenes’ (
War
2.150–51).

9. 2.15.1–2, 3.39.15 (as do Clement and Papias), and 6.14.6–7.

Chapter 7

1. In 1QpHab 11.3, the received version of Hab. 2:15’s ‘looking upon their privy parts’ (
‘me’oreihem’
) has been transmuted into ‘looking upon their festivals’ (
‘mo‘adeihem’
), but the sense re-emerges in 11.13 , when the Wicked Priest is characterized as ‘not circumcising the foreskin of his heart’.

2. CD 6.15, 7.1–2, and 8.8.

3. 1QH 6.25–9, 7.6–10, and 9.24–9.

4. See
Zohar
3.218a–b on ‘Phineas’.

5. See
b. San
97b.

6. 1QS 8.1 – also the possible reference in 4Q251, the
Halakhah
A text, ‘A Pleasing Fragrance’,
DSSU
, pp. 200–205, to ‘fifteen men’ composing the council, which may solve the problem.

7. 1QS 8.3–10and 9.3–6.

8. Cf. Gal. 2:9 with Matt. 17:1/Mark 9:2/Luke 9:28.

9. See Origen,
Comm. in Matt.
17 and Fragment 10, attributed to Papias in ANCL and listed as ‘James the Bishop and Apostle, Simon, Thaddaeus, and one Joseph’, the sons of ‘Mary’ and ‘Cleophas’ or ‘Alphaeus’.

10. Origen,
Contra Celsus
2.62, assumes the appearance on the Road to Emmaeus was to ‘Simon and Cleophas’, meaning obviously, ‘Simeon bar Cleophas’.

11. Cf. Ps.
Rec.
1.70–71, Peter’s Epistle to James, Ps.
Hom.
2, and the Parable of the Tares in Matt. 13:19–50. The reflection of this terminology in Gal. 4:16, preceded by allusion to ‘telling the Truth’, vividly shows its currency even in the 50s.

12. Rom. 1:16–25 on Hab. 2:4, Rom. 3:1–8 on circumcision, Rom. 9:1, Gal. 1:20, 2 Cor. 11:31, Col. 3:9, 2 Thess. 2:2–12, I Tim. 2:7, 4:2, and Titus 1:1–11.

Chapter 8

1. Acts 15:20, 15:29, and 21:25.

2.
EH
3.27.2–6. In Eusebius’ words, Paul ‘they reject’ as a heretic and ‘an apostate from their Law’ and ‘they use the Gospel according to the Hebrews only’.

3. Cf.
EH
2.23.18–19 for those associating James’ death with coming of armies and Jerusalem’s fall.

4. Cf. Jas. 2:8–10 on ‘keeping the whole Law’.

5. 1QS 8.22–9.

6. 1QS 8.11–18, 9.6–11, CD 5.7–11, and 6.17–7.9.

7. In exegesis of Isa. 40:3.

8.
DSSU
, pp. 182–200, in particular 1.1–10 of the first part or First Letter.

9. CD 5.7–11, recapitulated in 7.1–9.

10.
EH
2.1.2 and cf. ‘Forefathers’ with ‘the First’ in CD 1.4–2.6, 3.10, 8.16–17, etc.

11.
EH
1.12.1–3.

12.
EH
1.13.1–22.

13.
Ant.
12.414, 419, and 434.

14. Matt. 21:8–10 and pars.

15.
War
2.8/
Ant.
17.207–8.

16.
War
4.154–7.

17. For ‘cursing’ and ‘Deceitfulness’ (‘
Remiyyah
’) as applied to the Liar, see 1QS 2.4–18, 4.9–23, and 8.22–9.8. Also see 4QpNah 2.8, in conjunction with ‘Lying, a Tongue full of Lies’, and ‘deceiving Many’. For the ‘blaspheming Tongue’ in James, see 3:5–15.

18. CD 1.7, 5.15–16, 7.9, 7.21, 8.2–3, 8.25, 13.24, 1QS 3.14–18, and 4.12–26; for its use regarding ‘the
Mebakker
’ and ‘the High Priest Commanding the Many’, see CD 14.6–7, 15.8–10, and 1QS 5.22–4.

Chapter 9

1. See Moses of Chorene, 2.30–35, the Acts of Thomas, and the Doctrine of Addai the Apostle.

2. Moses of Chorene, 2.35, calls her ‘the first of Agbar’s wives’, to whom he gave the town of Haran. For Josephus, her son Izates receives this town from
his
father. Eusebius appears, also, to think Helen Agbar’s ‘Queen’.

3.
Ant.
20.18.

4.
Ant.
20.39–41.

5. Mark 3:17–19 and Luke 6:15–16. In some versions of Matt. 10:3, he is also identified with ‘Lebbaeus’ –of these obvious garblings, probably meant to stand also for ‘Alphaeus’, i.e., ‘Cleophas’.

6.
Ant.
20.49–53 and 101.

7.
EH
2.12.1–3. Josephus also mentions these at the end of his story; 20.95. He says her son Izates also sent up relief, and Cyprus too is added to these stories –for other notices in Acts.

8.
EH
7.19; see also 3.7.8.

9. 20.22–34.

10. 2.23.3–4.

11.
Vir. ill
. 2.

12. Ibid.

13. 78.1.7; also 66.19.6.

14. 78.7.7.

15. Ps.
Rec.
1.60.

16.
EH
2.23.7–11.

17.
EH
2.23.12–13.

Chapter 10

1.
Tosefta Hul.
2:22–3. Also
b. A.Z.
27b,
j. Shab.
14:4, and
A.Z.
2:2, 40d.

2. 1QpHab 2.3–4, CD 6.19, and 8.35–45.

3. Gen. 9:4–7.

4.
Haeres.
30.2.3 and 78.14.3.

5. ‘
Ger-nilveh
’ in 4QpNah 2.9 and 3.5; ‘
Nilvim
’ in CD 4.3 and 1QS 5.6.

6. CD 5.7–12.

7. See
B.B.
91b on ‘Potters’ and
Yalkut
Jeremiah 35:8ff., followed by the tradition in the
Yalkut
on Jer. 35:12, that the grandsons of the Rechabites served in the Temple and their daughters married the sons of the Priests.

8. 1QS 6.1–9.2, CD 13.7–14.11, etc.

9. CD 3.6–11.

10.
E.H.
2.13.27.

11. See, for instance, Jerome’s Letters 81, 82, 84, and his Preface to Ezekiel against Rufinus; also Rufinus’ response in Letter 80 and his two
Apologies
attacking Jerome.

12. 2.23.20.

13.
Comm. in Matt.
10.17;
Contra Celsum
1.47 and 2.13.

14.
Vir. ill.
2.

15. See
Ant.
18.117 on John and
War
2.128 and 139 on ‘Essene’ ‘Piety towards God’/‘Righteousness towards men’. For James see 2:5–8.

16. For instance, compare CD 6.21 and 1QM 11.9–13 with Jas. 2:2–10 and 5:1–8.

17.
Dial.
23, 47, and 93.

18. Jas. 2:8 and CD 6.20.

19. 2.23.5.