Joy, Guilt, Anger, Love (52 page)

facial expressions of, 183–184, 187

and food consumption, 198–199

and generosity, 208–209

and hedonism, 204–206, 212

and laughter, 184–187

and love, 217, 246

neural seat of,
188
, 188–189

and orgasms, 195–197

physical expressions of, 183–187

as positive emotion, 11

and relationships, 209–211, 213

research on, 182

and reward system of the brain,
188–192

and sensuality, 212

and vagal tone, 209–211

See also
pleasure

justice system, 31–33, 35–36

Kahneman, Daniel, 258n10

Kant, Immanuel, 72

King Lear
(Shakespeare), 153–154

Komisaruk, Barry, 196

Lancet
, 142

Lanza, Adam, 34, 35, 36, 39

Larkin, Philip, 232, 234–235

laughter, 11, 184–187, 207

Layard, Richard, 208

LeDoux, Joseph, 96, 269n24, 269n27

legal culpability and genetic variation, 31–33, 35–36

Letters from the Black Sea
(Ovid), 117

limbic system,
17

components of, 16

and emotional knowledge, 22

and Freud’s structural theory of the mind, 71,
72

and mirror-neuron system, 152–153

and monoamine oxidase A (MAOA), 261n33

and prefrontal cortex, 23–25, 164

London tube bombings of 2005,
100–101, 102

love, 215–247

and beauty, 219–221

blindness of, 225–226

and brain imaging technologies,
223–225,
224
, 226–227

and choosing a partner, 232–237

and dopamine, 224–225, 230

and emotional judgement, 228–230

and fear, 225, 246, 247

homosexual love, 286n8

and imagination, 225–227

influence of childhood on, 232–237

and joy, 217, 246

and long-term attachment, 230–232

madness of, 217, 219–220, 225

nature of, 217

neural deactivation associated with, 226–227

neural seat of, 222–225,
224

and online dating services, 237–244

openness to, 246

Plato on, 219, 220, 244

science of, 217–218, 244–245, 247

and sex, 227

sight’s role in, 221–225, 239

as ultimate goal, 217

and unity of body and mind, 227

Macmillan, Harold, 203

Magda
(theatrical production), 155–156

Mandeville, Bernard, 205–206

manipulation, 46

medial prefrontal cortex, 23

meditation, 210, 269n27, 285n51

medulla, 16, 197

memory and memories

and acting techniques, 158

and anxiety, 100–101, 103–104

brain regions related to, 18, 164

and grief, 113

and guilt, 51–52

Metamorphoses
(Ovid), 221

methylation, 235

methyl group, 235

mice.
See
rats and mice

Miltown (drug), 105

mirror-neuron system, 149–153, 174, 187, 277n13

Moffitt, Terrie, 28

money, 208

monoamine oxidase A (MAOA)

and anger/aggression, 26–31, 39, 260n26

and Caravaggio, 63

and childhood maltreatment, 28–29,
29

and criminal culpability, 32, 33, 35–36, 261n28

and limbic system, 261n33

and serotonin, 135

monoamines, 134

morality

and anger, 7, 13

brain imaging of, 72

and decision-making, 55

and guilt, 45, 49–50, 53–55, 63, 72–73, 263n7

historical attitudes toward, 13–14

and memory, 52

origins of, 73

and shame, 48, 263n7

universality of, 72

morphine, 194–195

Moscow Theatre School, 158

Mother Courage and Her Children
(Brecht), 169

mourning.
See
grief

mouth, anger’s effect on, 13

murders and murderers

and genetic make-up, 30

and guilt, 47, 62–63

and prefrontal cortex (PFC), 24

music, 197–198

Namibia, 186

natural selection, 10–11.
See also
evolution

Nature
, 194

negative emotions

and asymmetry of the brain, 201–203

identification of, 11

and love, 226

See also
anger and aggression; anxiety; grief; guilt

neocortex, 17–18

Netherlands study, 25–26

neuroanatomy, 16–18,
17

neurochemistry and legal culpability,
31–33, 35–36

neuroplasticity, 100–104, 237, 250

neuroscience, 249–252

neurosis, 86–87, 89

neurotransmitters, 26–27, 35, 132–135

Neurotrophic Growth Factor (NGF),
118–119

Newtown, Connecticut shooting incident, 34, 35

Nicomachean Ethics
(Aristotle), 37

norepinephrine, 26, 134

nous
(mind), 2–3

nucleus accumbens (NA)

and love/attraction, 223,
224
, 231

and music, 198

and reward system,
188
, 188–189

obsessive–compulsive disorder, 88

oestrogen, 240, 242, 243

online dating services, 237–244

opiates, 120–121, 194–195

opioids, 194–195, 198, 199

orbicularis oculi, 184, 207

orbitofrontal cortex

and anger/aggression, 30

and Freud’s structural theory
of the mind, 72

and guilt, 54, 57

injuries to, 24

and morality, 50

and music, 198

and orgasms, 196

orgasms, 195–196

Ovid, 117, 221

oxytocin, 230–231, 241–242

pain

and
avoidance
mechanism, 10, 182

and grief, 119–122, 272n21

and the id, 14

from separation, 120, 121, 123–124

from social exclusion, 121

The Paradox of Acting
(Diderot), 161

parental care, 232–237

Pavlov, Ivan Petrovich, 89–90, 159

Paxil (paroxetine), 136

performance art, 170–171

performance enhancers, 193–194

periaqueductal grey area, 121

Phaedrus
(Plato), 219

phenomenology, 11, 93

Philosophical Investigations
(Wittgenstein), 126–127

phobias, 88

The Picture of Dorian Gray
(Wilde), 75

Pies, Ronald, 131

Pinsky, Robert, 143

plasticity of the brain, 100–104, 237, 250

Plato, 13–14, 219, 220, 244

pleasure

addictive pleasures, 199

anticipation of, 190–191, 219

and
approach
mechanism, 10, 182

and endorphins, 195

and food consumption, 198–199

and hedonism, 204–206

and the id, 14

and music, 197–198

and opiates, 194–195

and opioids, 194, 195

and pain, 182–183, 199

and prefrontal cortex, 192–193

and reward system of the brain,
188–192

and sexual orgasm, 195–197

See also
joy and happiness

positive emotions

and asymmetry of the brain, 201–203

and depression, 202

identification of, 11

and vagal tone, 210

See also
empathy; joy and
happiness; love

posterior cingulate cortex (PCC), 164, 165, 175

posterior superior temporal sulcus (pSTS), 174–175,
175
, 280n53

post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 88, 100–101