July 1914: Countdown to War (56 page)

10
. Crackanthorpe to Grey, 25 July 1914 (12:30
PM
), no. 114 in BD, vol. 11.

11
. Boppe to Bienvenu-Martin, cited in Albertini vol. 2, 359.

12
. Serbian reply to the Austrian “note with a time limit,” 25 July 1914 (6
PM
), reproduced (with accompanying Austrian commentary) in Albertini, vol. 2, 364–371 (emphasis added).

13
. Griesinger to Jagow, 24 July 1914, nos. 158 and 159 in DD, vol. 1.

14
. As told to Albertini, in vol. 2, 363.

15
. Giesl from Belgrade, 25 July 1914 (1
PM
), no. 10645 in Oe-U, vol. 8.

16
. Giesl recollection, cited in Albertini, vol. 2, 373.

17
. Fay, vol. 2, 349.

18
. Conrad, vol. 4, 122.

19
. Berchtold to Giesl, 23 July 1914 (11:20
PM
), no. 10521 in Oe-U, vol. 8.

20
. Berchtold to Giesl, 26 July 1914, cited in Albertini, vol. 2, 379.

21
. Chelius to Berlin from Krasnoe Selo, 13/26 July 1914, in PAAA, R 19871.

22
. Paléologue, vol. 1, 35 (emphasis added).

23
. Grey circular to ambassadors, 24 July 1914 (1:30
PM
), no. 91 in BD, vol. 11.

24
. Grey to Bertie, 24 July 1914, no. 98 in BD, vol. 11.

25
. Grey to Rumbold, 24 July 1914 (7:45
PM
), and accompanying “Communication by the German Ambassador,” nos. 99–100 in BD, vol. 11.

26
. Rumbold to Grey, 24 July 1914 (3:16
PM
), no. 122 in BD, vol. 11.

27
. Grey to Buchanan, 25 July 1914, no. 132 in BD, vol. 11.

Notes to Chapter 16
      
Russia Prepares for War

1
. Journal of the Committee of the Russian General Staff, night of 12/25 July 1914, no. 79 in IBZI, vol. 5, and note 1.

2
. Hoeniger,
Russlands Vorbereitung zum Weltkrieg
, 19; and Stone,
Eastern Front
, 41.

3
. Fay, vol. 2, 317 and passim.

4
. Pourtalès, 22–23.

5
. Pourtalès to Jagow, 26 July 1914 (3:15
PM
), no. 23 in Pourtalès, 107–108.

6
. Szapáry to Berchtold, reporting on a conversation the afternoon of 26 July 1914 (sent off at 2:15
AM
on 27 July 1914), no. 397 in Geiss, vol. 2; see also Fay, vol. 2, 398n85, for elucidation of the timing of the interview and dispatch (the original was incorrectly labeled 2:15
PM
, 27 July; Geiss, no. 397, has 2:15
PM
, 26 July; in fact the dispatch was sent off at 2:15
AM
on 27 July).

7
. Ibid.

8
. Pourtalès to Jagow, 26 July 1914 (10:10
PM
), no. 29 in Pourtalès, 113.

9
. Sazonov to Shebeko, evening of 26 July 1914, cited in Albertini, vol. 2, 406n1.

10
. Paléologue, vol. 1, 36.

11
. Pourtalès to Jagow, passing on Eggeling, 26 July 1914 (3:25
PM
), no. 22 in Pourtalès, 107.

12
. Szapáry to Berchtold, reporting on a conversation the afternoon of 26 July 1914.

13
. Nicolson to Grey (“Communication from the German Ambassador”), 26 July 1914, no. 146 in BD, vol. 11 (emphasis added).

14
. Lichnowsky to Jagow, 26 July 1914 (8:25
PM
), no. 236 in DD, vol. 1.

15
. Lichnowsky to Grey (postscript to note), 26 July 1914, no. 145 in BD, vol. 11.

16
. Szögyény to Berchtold, 25 July 1914 (2:15
PM
), no. 10656 in Oe-U, vol. 8.

17
. Conrad, vol. 4, 131–132; gist of conversation also in Tschirschky to Jagow, 26 July 1914 (4:50
PM
), no. 213 in DD, vol. 1.

18
. Ibid.

19
. Tschirschky to Jagow, 26 July 1914 (4:50
PM
), no. 213 in DD, vol. 1.

20
. Sazonov to Shebeko, evening of 26 July 1914.

21
. Shebeko to Sazonov, 26 July 1914, no. 451 in Geiss, vol. 2.

22
. Paléologue from Petersburg, passing on Laguiche, 26 July 1914, 1:55
PM
(received Paris 4
PM
) in QO Autriche-Hongrie, vol. 32.

23
. Pourtalès from Petersburg, 9:30
PM
, 26 July 1914, in PAAA, R 19871.

24
. Eggeling to Berlin, 26 July 1914, cited in Turner, 101.

Notes to Chapter 17
      
The Kaiser Returns

1
. Bethmann to Kaiser Wilhelm II, 25 July 1914 (10:45
PM
), no. 191 in DD, vol. 1.

2
. Bethmann to Kaiser Wilhelm II, 26 July 1914 (1
PM
), no. 197 in DD, vol. 1.

3
. Bethmann to Kaiser Wilhelm II, 26 July 1914 (8
PM
), no. 221 in DD, vol. 1.

4
. Kaiser Wilhelm II’s marginal notes on Bethmann to Kaiser Wilhelm II, no. 221 in DD.

5
. Ibid.

6
. Bethmann to Kaiser Wilhelm II, 27 July 1914 (11:20
AM
), no. 245 in DD, vol. 1.

7
. Bülow,
Memoirs
, vol. 3, 161 (emphasis added).

8
. Kaiser’s marginal note on Baron von Schoen to Jagow, 24 July 1914 (8:05
PM
), no. 154 in DD, vol. 1.

9
. Schoen to Jagow, 26 July 1914 (9:50
PM
, deciphered Berlin 1:55
AM
27 July). For interpretation, see Jannen Jr., 115.

10
. Bethmann to Kaiser Wilhelm II, 27 July 1914 (11:20
AM
), no. 245 in DD, vol. 1.

11
. Moltke to his wife, 27 July 1914, cited in Turner, 102.

12
. Plessen diary, 27 July 1914, cited in Albertini, vol. 2, 438.

13
. Müller diary, 27 July 1914, cited in Turner, 102.

14
. Grey to Buchanan, 27 July 1914 (3:30
PM
), no. 177 in BD, vol. 11.

15
. Brück to Jagow from Warsaw, 27 July 1914 (3:45
PM
), no. 276 in DD, vol. 1. For Dvina river mined/rolling stock commandeered: Pourtalès to Jagow, passing on Chelius, passing on the Swedish consul in Riga, 27 July 1914 (7:17
PM
), no. 274 in DD, vol. 1. For Kiev: Pourtalès to Jagow, passing on Kiev consul, 27 July 1914 (7:43
PM
), no. 275 in DD, vol. 1.

16
. Tschirschky to Jagow, 27 July 1914 (3:20
PM
, arrived Berlin 4:37
PM
), no. 257 in DD, vol. 1.

17
. Goschen to Grey, 27 July 1914 (6:17
PM
), no. 185 in BD, vol. 11.

18
. Jagow to Kaiser Wilhelm II, 27 July 1914 (9:30
PM
), first marked on by the Kaiser 28 July 1914, nos. 270 and 271 in DD, vol. 1, n2 and n3.

19
. See Lichnowsky to Jagow, 27 July 1914 (arriving in Berlin 4:37, 8:40, and 8:40
PM
), nos. 258, 265 and 266 in DD, vol. 1. The two telegrams received from the German naval attaché in London on 28 July are reproduced in Churchill, vol. 1, 222–223.

20
. Lichnowsky to Jagow, 27 July 1914 (1:31
PM
, arrived Berlin 4:37
PM
), no. 258 in DD, vol. 1.

21
. Lichnowsky to Jagow, 27 July 1914 (6:17
PM
, arrived Berlin 8:40
PM
), no. 266 in DD, vol. 1.

22
. Lichnowsky to Jagow, 27 July 1914 (5:08
PM
, arrived Berlin 8:40
PM
), no. 265 in DD, vol. 1, 255.

23
. Riezler diary, cited in Jarausch, 159.

24
. Riezler diary entries, 25–26 July 1914, cited in Jarausch, 165–166. (emphasis added).

25
. Riezler diary entry for 27 July 1914, cited in Jarausch, 167.

26
. Bethmann to Tschirschky, passing on Lichnowsky from London (with edits and commentary), 27 July 1914 (11:50
PM
, arrived Vienna 5:30
AM
July 28), no. 277 in DD, vol. 1.

27
. Szögyény to Berchtold, 27 July 1914 (9:15
PM
), no. 10793 in Oe-U, vol. 8.

28
. Albertini, for example, devotes nearly twenty pages to unpacking what he calls Bethmann’s “double game,” in vol. 2, 443–460.

29
. Bertie to Grey, 27 July 1914 (2:45
PM
), no. 183 in BD, vol. 11.

30
. Lichnowsky to Jagow, 27 July 1914 (6:17
PM
, arrived Berlin 8:40
PM
), no. 266 in DD, vol. 1.

31
. Buchanan to Grey, 26 July 1914, 8
PM
(received 11
PM
), no. 155 in BD, vol. 11.

32
. Buchanan to Grey, 27 July 1914 (8:40
PM
), no. 198 in BD, vol. 11.

33
. Cited in Churchill, vol. 1, 218.

34
. Viviani to Paléologue, 27 July 1914, cited in Schmidt, 93.

Notes to Chapter 18
      
“You Have Got Me into a Fine Mess”

1
. Plessen diary, 28 July 1914, cited in Albertini, vol. 2, 467.

2
. Kaiser Wilhelm II, marginal notes on Serbia’s reply to the Austrian ultimatum, scribbled at 10
AM
on Tuesday, 28 July, no. 271 in DD, vol. 1.

3
. Kaiser Wilhelm II to Jagow, 10
AM
on Tuesday 28 July, marked received, afternoon 29 July, no. 293 in DD, vol. 1 (emphasis in original).

4
. As noted by Jannen Jr., 148.

5
. The Austrian declaration-of-war telegram is reproduced (in French original facsimile) in Fay, vol. 2, 419.

6
. Albertini, vol. 2, 461.

7
. Yanushkevitch to Yudenich at Tiflis command, 14/27 July 1914, in RGVIA, fond 2000, opis’ 1, del’ 3796, list’ 13.

8
. Odessa consul report, passed on by Pourtalès to Berlin, 28 July 1914 (1:21
PM
, arrived Berlin 2:25
PM
), no. 296 in DD, vol. 2.

9
. Consul Brück from Warsaw, 28 July 1914 (received 29 July), no. 49 in Pourtalès, 132.

10
. Cited in Zuber, 157.

11
. Cited in Turner, “The Russian Mobilization in 1914,” 77.

12
. Buchanan to Grey, 28 July 1914, 8:45
PM
(received 10:45
PM
), no. 234 in BD, vol. 11.

13
. Buchanan to Grey, 28 July 1914 (8:45
PM
), no. 247 in BD, vol. 11.

14
. Buchanan,
My Mission to Russia
, 197.

15
. Paléologue, vol. 1, 39 (emphasis added). Buchanan recalls the conversation almost identically, in
My Mission to Russia
, 199.

16
. Sazonov to Bronevski, with instructions to circulate secretly, 15/28 July 1914, no. 168 in IBZI, vol. 5.

17
. Sazonov to Benckendorff, 15/28 July 1914, no. 167 in IBZI, vol. 5.

18
. Fromkin, 222.
London Times
citation: Neiberg, 75. “Crowd of stone-throwing Dubliners”: Beatty, 119.

19
. Grey to Goschen, 28 July 1914 (4
PM
), no. 218 in BD, vol. 11.

20
. Fromkin, 227.

21
. Citations in Jannen Jr., 165. “Ferocious melee of shouts”: Beatty, 242.

22
. Citation in Jannen Jr., 149.

23
. Lichnowsky to Jagow, 28 July 1914 (12:58
PM
, received Berlin 3:45
PM
), with Bethmann’s marginal notes, no. 301 and footnotes in DD, vol. 2, 23.

24
. Bethmann to Tschirschky, 28 July 1914 (10:15
PM
, received Vienna 29 July 4:30
AM
), no. 323 in DD, vol. 2 (emphasis added).

25
. Bethmann to Tschirschky, 28 July 1914 (3:20
PM
, received Vienna 6
PM
), no. 299 in DD, vol. 2. For Berchtold’s request that Bethmann warn Russia: Tschirschky to Jagow, 27 July 1914, cited in Albertini, vol. 2, 483.

26
. Bethmann to Pourtalès, copied to Vienna, Paris, and London, 28 July 1914 (9
PM
), no. 315 in DD, vol. 2.

27
. Willy to Nicky telegram, 28 July 1914 (10:45
PM
), sent off at 29 July 1914 (1:45
AM
), with accompanying notes on which phrases the kaiser rewrote from the original draft, no. 335 in DD, vol. 2, and footnotes.

28
. Nicky to Willy, 29 July 1914 (1
AM
), received at Neues Palais Potsdam at 7:30
AM
, 29 July 1914, no. 332 in DD, vol. 2, and footnotes.