Jungle of Snakes (31 page)

Notes

Introduction

1
.
“Testimony of R. James Woolsey, U.S. House of Representatives Committee on National Security, February 12, 1998,” Strategic
Intelligence Homepage,
http://www.loyola.edu/dept/politics/intel/19980212woolsey.html
(May 2008).

2
.
Editorial on the Philippine Insurrection,
New York Times
, January 2, 1901.

3
.
“Guardians at the Gate,”
Time
, January 7, 1966, 10,
http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,834900-10,00.html
(May 2008).

4
.
George Packer, “Knowing the Enemy: Can Social Scientists Redefine the ‘War on Terror’?”
New Yorker
, December 18, 2006, 61.

Chapter 1: An American Victory Yields a Guerilla War

1
.
McKinley to Otis, December 21, 1898, in U.S. Army Adjutant-General’s Office,
Correspondence Relating to the War with Spain
(Washington, D.C.: U.S. Army Center of Military History, 1993), 2:859.

2
.
John R. M. Taylor,
The Philippine Insurrection Against the United States
(Pasay City, Philippines: Eugenio Lopez Foundation, 1971–73), 2:277.

3
.
Emilio Aguinaldo, “Proclamation to the Philippine People,” February 5, 1899, in Daniel B. Schirmer and Stephen Rosskamm Shalom,
eds.,
The Philippines Reader: A History of Colonialism, Neoco lonialism, Dictatorship, and Resistance
(Boston: South End Press, 1987), 20–21.

4
.
Albert G. Robinson,
The Philippines: The War and the People; A Record of Personal Observations and Experiences
(New York: McClure, Phillips & Co., 1901), 354.

5
.
Brian McAllister Linn,
The Philippine War: 1899–1902
(Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2000), 27.

6
.
J. F. Bell to AG, 2nd Div, 8th Army Corps, January 21, 1900, in U. S. War Department,
Annual Reports of the War Department: Report of the Lieutenant-General Commanding the Army
, vol. 1, part 8 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1900), 331.

7
.
Leon Wolff,
Little Brown Brother: How the United States Purchased and Pacified the Philippines
(Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 1991), 289.

8
.
Forrest C. Pogue,
George C. Marshall: Education of a General, 1880–1939
(New York: Viking Press, 1963), 52–53.

9
.
William McKinley, Third Annual Message to Congress, December 5, 1899, The American Presidency Project,
http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/
index.php?pid=29540.

10
.
Robinson,
The Philippines
, 376.

11
.
“Orders to the Detachments,” November 16, 1899, in Taylor,
Philippine Insurrection
, 5:142–43.

12
.
Taylor,
Philippine Insurrection
, 2:345.

13
.
“To the Chiefs of Guerrillas,” November 15, 1900, in Taylor,
Philippine Insurrection
, 5:113.

14
.
Brian McAllister Linn,
The U.S. Army and Counterinsurgency in the Philippine War, 1899–1902
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1989), 125.

15
.
Ibid., 37.

Chapter 2: Chastising the
Insurrectos

1
.
Edwin Segerstrom to mother and sister, March 20, 1899, in Frank Harper, ed.,
Just Outside of Manila: Letters from Members of the First Colorado Regiment in the Spanish-American and Philippine-American
Wars
(Denver: Colorado Historical Society, 1992), 72.

2
.
John R. M. Taylor,
The Philippine Insurrection Against the United States
(Pasay City, Philippines: Eugenio Lopez Foundation, 1971–73), 2:304–5.

3
.
Affairs in the Philippine Islands
,
Hearings Before the Committee on the Philippines of the United States Senate
, 57th Congress, 1st Session, Senate Doc. 331 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1902), part 2, 1928.

4
.
William Thaddeus Sexton,
Soldiers in the Philippines
(Washington, D.C.: The Infantry Journal, 1944), 212.

5
.
MacArthur to Adjutant-General, September 19, 1900, in U.S. Army Adjutant-General’s Office,
Correspondence Relating to the War with Spain
, (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Army Center of Military History, 1993), 2:1211. My count is based on the names of killed and wounded
provided in MacArthur’s telegram. Note that Brian Linn states that casualties were twenty-one killed and twenty-three wounded
in his
The U.S. Army and Counterinsurgency
, 138.

6
.
U.S. War Department,
Annual Reports of the War Department: Report of the Lieutenant-General Commanding the Army
(Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1900), part 5, 60.

7
.
John Jordan to mother, January 10, 1900, John Jordan Papers, U.S. Army Military History Institute, Carlisle, Pennsylvania.

8
.
Albert G. Robinson,
The Philippines: The War and the People; A Record of Personal Observations and Experiences
(New York: McClure, Phillips & Co., 1901), 379.

9
.
Ibid., 384–85.

10
.
“To the Military Central and Zone Commanders of National Militia of the Township of Ligao,” August 24, 1900, in Taylor,
Philippine Insurrection
, 5:228.

11
.
Glenn Anthony May,
Battle for Batangas: A Philippine Province at War
(New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1991), 161.

12
.
General Order 202, June 27, 1900, in Taylor,
Philippine Insurrection
, 5:104.

13
.
Caílles to Estilla, August 6, 1900, in Taylor, Philippine Insurrection, 5:227.

14
.
See telegram from Associated Press reporter Martin in U.S. Army Adjutant-Generals Office,
Correspondence Relating to the War with Spain
, 2:1220.

15
.
Henry F. Pringle,
The Life and Times of William Howard Taft
(New York: Farrar & Rinehart, 1939), 1:160–61.

16
.
Ibid., 1:170.

17
.
For Taft’s comments on this, see his testimony in
Affairs in the Philippine Islands, Hearings Before the Committee on the Philippines of the United States Senate
, 57th Congress, 1st Session, Senate Doc. 331 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1902), part 1, 64.

18
.
Robinson,
The Philippines
, 355.

19
.
Stuart Creighton Miller,
“Benevolent Assimilation”: The American Conquest of the Philippines, 1899–1903
(New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1982), 167, 296–97.

20
.
Robinson,
The Philippines
, 384.

Chapter 3: The War Is Won Again

1
.
John Morgan Gates,
“Schoolbooks and Krags”: The United States Army in the Philippines, 1898–1902
(Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1973), 169.

2
.
“Report of Maj. Gen. Lloyd Wheaton,” in U.S. War Department,
Annual Reports of the War Department: Report of the Lieutenant-General Commanding the Army and Department Commanders
, 57th Congress, 2nd Session, House Document No. 2 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1902), 9:231.

3
.
Affairs in the Philippine Islands, Hearings Before the Committee on the Philippines of the United States Senate
, 57th Congress, 1st Session, Senate Doc. 331 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1902), part 2, 1942. MacArthur
tried to wiggle away from this conclusion when questioned by Senator Culberson.

4
.
“Investigation into the Methods Adopted by the Insurgents for Organizing and Maintaining a Guerrilla Force,” in U.S. War Department,
Annual Reports of the War Department: Report of the Lieutenant-General Commanding the Army
, vol. 1 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1900), part 5, 257–64.

5
.
Ibid., 262.

6
.
Ibid., 263.

7
.
Gates,
“Schoolbooks and Krags,”
173.

8
.
Batson to wife, November 9, 1900, box 3, Matthew Batson Papers, U.S. Army Military History Institute, Carlisle, Pennsylvania.

9
.
Batson to wife, October 29, 1899, box 3, Matthew Batson Papers.

10
.
U.S. War Department,
Annual Reports of the War Department
, vol. 1 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1901), part 4, 90.

11
.
U.S. War Department,
Annual Reports of the War Department
, vol. 1 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1901), part 4, 93. MacArthur’s chief of staff, Thomas H. Barry, penned
the actual words.

12
.
The full proclamation is reprinted in U.S. War Department,
Annual Reports of the War Department
, vol. 1 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1901), part 4, 91–92.

13
.
Glenn Anthony May,
Battle for Batangas: A Philippine Province at War
(New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1991), 229.

14
.
Stuart Creighton Miller,
“Benevolent Assimilation”: The American Conquest of the Philippines, 1899–1903
(New Haven, CT: Yale Univ. Press, 1982), 163.

15
.
Editorial,
New York Times
, January 2, 1901.

16
.
Miller,
“Benevolent Assimilation,”
153.

17
.
See article 3 of Aguinaldo’s proclamation of January 17, 1901, in John R. M. Taylor,
The Philippine Insurrection Against the United States
(Pasay City, Philippines: Eugenio Lopez Foundation, 1971–73), 5:137.

18
.
Batson to wife, November 17, 1899, box 3, Matthew Batson Papers.

19
.
“The Flight and Wanderings of Emilio Aguinaldo, from His Abandonment of Bayambang Until His Capture in Palanan,” diary entry
of February 7, 1900 in Taylor,
Philippine Insurrection
, 5:38.

20
.
Ibid., 5:27.

21
.
February 10, 1900, in ibid., 5:28.

22
.
March 29, 1900, in ibid., 5:54.

23
.
Emilio Aguinaldo,
A Second Look at America
(New York: Robert Speller &Sons, 1957), 126.

24
.
Douglas MacArthur,
Reminiscences: General of the Army Douglas MacArthur
(New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1964), 26.

Chapter 4: The Policy of Destruction

1
.
Brian McAllister Linn,
The Philippine War: 1899–1902
(Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2000), 217.

2
.
Henry F. Pringle,
The Life and Times of William Howard Taft
(New York: Farrar & Rinehart, 1939), 1:212.

3
.
Chaffee’s telegraphic report of the attack is in Chaffee to Adjutant-General, May 5, 1902, in U.S. Army Adjutant-General’s
Office,
Correspondence Relating to the War with Spain
(Washington, D.C.: U.S. Army Center of Military History, 1993), 2:1295–6.

4
.
Pringle,
Life and Times
, 1:212.

5
.
See Chaffee to Adjutant-General, May 5, 1902, in U.S. Army Adjudant-General’s Office,
Correspondence Relating to the War with Spain
, 2:1336.

6
.
“To all station commanders,” December 24, 1901, in U.S. War Department,
Annual Reports of the War Department: Report of the Lieutenant-General Commanding the Army and Department Commanders
, vol. 9, 57th Congress, 2nd Session, House Document No. 2 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1902), 208.

7
.
See Corbin to Chaffee, April 16, 1902, in U.S. Army Adjudant-General’s Office,
Correspondence Relating to the War with Spain
, 2:1328.

8
.
Bell also held the rank of major of volunteers in 1898.

9
.
Albert G. Robinson,
The Philippines: The War and the People; A Record of Personal Observations and Experiences
(New York: McClure, Phillips & Co., 1901), 361.

10
.
Robert D. Ramsey III,
A Masterpiece of Counterguerrilla Warfare: B. G. J. Franklin Bell in the Philippines, 1901–1902
(Fort Leavenworth, KS: Combat Studies Institute Press, 2007), 3.

11
.
William Henry Scott,
Ilocano Responses to American Aggression 1900–1901
(Quezon City, Philippines: New Day Publishers, 1986), 143.

12
.
Glenn Anthony May,
Battle for Batangas: A Philippine Province at War
(New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1991), 247.

13
.
U.S. War Department,
Annual Reports of the War Department: Report of the Lieutenant-General Commanding the Army and Department Commanders
, 57th Congress, 1st Session, House Document No. 2 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1902), part 8, 389.