Jungle of Snakes (32 page)

14
.
Telegraphic Circular No. 3, Batangas, December 9, 1901, James Franklin Bell Papers, U.S. Army Military History Institute,
Carlisle, Pennsylvania.

15
.
“To all station commanders,” Batangas, December 15, 1901, in
Affairs in the Philippine Islands, Hearings Before the Committee on the Philippines of the United States Senate
, 57th Congress, 1st Session, Senate Doc. 331 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1902), part 2, 1614.

16
.
Andrew J. Birtle,
U.S. Army Counterinsurgency and Contingency Operations Doctrine 1860–1941
(Washington, D.C.: Center of Military History, 1998), 131.

17
.
Stuart Creighton Miller,
“Benevolent Assimilation”: The American Conquest of the Philippines, 1899–1903
(New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1982), 209.

18
.
U.S. War Department,
Annual Reports of the War Department: Report of the Lieutenant-General Commanding the Army and Department Commanders
, vol. 9, 57th Congress, 2nd Session, House Document No. 2 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1902), 233.

19
.
“To all station commanders,” Batangas, December 9, 1901, in
Affairs in the Philippine Islands,
part 2, 1607, 1609.

20
.
Confidential Telegraphic Circular No. 18, Batangas, December 23, 1901, James Franklin Bell Papers.

21
.
Telegraphic Circular No. 19, Batangas, December 24, 1901, James Franklin Bell Papers.

22
.
Telegraphic Circular No. 22, Batangas, December 24, 1901, James Franklin Bell Papers.

23
.
“Bell to Wheaton,” December 27, 1901, in
Affairs in the Philippine Islands
, part 2, 1690–92.

24
.
Telegraphic Circular No. 12, Batangas, December 21, 1901, James Franklin Bell Papers.

25
.
May,
Battle for Batangas
, 254.

26
.
Miguel Malvar, “The Reasons for My Change of Attitude,” April 16, 1902, in John R. M. Taylor,
The Philippine Insurrection Against the United States
(Pasay City, Philippines: Eugenio Lopez Foundation, 1971–73), 5:358.

27
.
Reynaldo C. Ileto, “The Philippine-American War: Friendship and Forgetting,” in Angel Velasco Shaw and Luis H. Francia, eds.,
Vestiges of War: The Philippine-American War and the Aftermath of an Imperial Dream 1899–1999
(New York: New York University Press, 2002), 17.

28
.
Ibid., 18.

29
.
Ibid.

Chapter 5: Why the Americans Won

1
.
U.S. War Department,
Annual Reports of the War Department: Report of the Lieutenant-General Commanding the Army and Department Commanders
, vol. 9, 57th Congress, 2nd Session, House Document No. 2 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1902), 284–85.

2
.
Brian McAllister Linn,
The Philippine War: 1899–1902
(Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2000), 304.

3
.
Telegraphic Circular No. 32, January 26, 1902, James Franklin Bell Papers, U.S. Army Military History Institute, Carlisle,
Pennsylvania.

4
.
General Orders No. 66, “To the Army of the United States,” July 4, 1902, in U.S. Army Adjutant-General’s Office,
Correspondence Relating to the War with Spain
, (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Army Center of Military History, 1993), 2:1352–53.

5
.
James H. Blount,
The American Occupation of the Philippines, 1898–1912
(New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1913), 393.

6
.
Corbin to Chaffee, April 16, 1902, in U.S. Army Adjudant-General’s Office,
Correspondence Relating to the War with Spain
, 2:1328.

7
.
Linn,
The Philippine War
, 223.

8
.
Glenn Anthony May,
Battle for Batangas: A Philippine Province at War
(New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1991), 147.

9
.
Leon Wolff,
Little Brown Brother: How the United States Purchased and Pacified the Philippines
(Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 1991), 305.

10
.
Affairs in the Philippine Islands, Hearings Before the Committee on the Philippines of the United States Senate
, 57th Congress, 1st Session, Senate Doc. 331 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1902), part 2, 1927.

11
.
Linn,
The Philippine War,
221.

12
.
Glenn A. May, “Filipino Resistance to American Occupation: Batangas, 1899–1902,”
Pacific Historical Review
52, 4 (November 1983): 553.

13
.
Stuart Creighton Miller,
“Benevolent Assimilation”: The American Conquest of the Philippines, 1899–1903
(New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1982), 260.

14
.
Glenn A. May, “Why the United States Won the Philippine-American War, 1899–1902,”
Pacific Historical Review
52, 4 (November 1983): 367.

15
.
Affairs in the Philippine Islands
, part 1, 667.

16
.
Ibid., part 1, 411–12.

17
.
Among other activities, Abu Sayyaf reportedly provided Ramzi Youssef, who planned the 1993 World Trade Center bombing, and
Khalid Sheikh Mohammed with sanctuary on Jolo.

18
.
Albert G. Robinson,
The Philippines: The War and the People; A Record of Personal Observations and Experiences
(New York: McClure, Phillips & Co., 1901), 404–5.

19
.
E. J. McClernand, “Our Philippine Problem,”
Journal of the Military Service Institution of the United States
29, 114 (November 1901): 327–29.

Chapter 6: Terror on All Saints’ Day

1
.
Michael K. Clark,
Algeria in Turmoil: A History of the Rebellion
(New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1959), 121.

2
.
Alistair Horne,
A Savage War of Peace: Algeria, 1954–1962
(Middlesex, England: Penguin Books, 1985), 27.

3
.
Clark,
Algeria in Turmoil
, 119.

4
.
Horne,
A Savage War
, 98–99.

5
.
Ibid., 545.

6
.
Ibid., 107.

7
.
Ibid., 110.

8
.
Ibid., 174.

9
.
Jacques Soustelle,
L’espérance trahie, 1958–1961
(Paris: Editions de l’Alma, 1962), 91.

Chapter 7: Terror Without Limits

1
.
Michael K. Clark,
Algeria in Turmoil: A History of the Rebellion
(New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1959), 131.

2
.
University of San Francisco, “Algerian War Reading,”
http://www.usfca.edu/fac_staff/webberm/algeria.

3
.
Alistair Horne,
A Savage War of Peace: Algeria, 1954–1962
(Middlesex, England: Penguin Books, 1985), 123.

4
.
Gil Merom,
How Democracies Lose Small Wars: State, Society, and the Failures of France in Algeria, Israel in Lebanon, and the United
States in Vietnam
(Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2003), 101.

5
.
Horne,
A Savage War
, 160.

6
.
David Galula,
Pacification in Algeria: 1956–1958
(Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation, 2006), 23.

7
.
Martin S. Alexander and J. F. V. Keiger, eds.,
France and the Algerian War 1954–62: Strategy, Operations and Diplomacy
(London: Frank Cass, 2002), 5.

8
.
Peter Paret,
French Revolutionary Warfare from Indochina to Algeria: The Analysis of a political and Military Doctrine
(New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1964), 50.

9
.
Paret provides the numbers for 1959: 1,287 officers, 661 NCOs, 2,921 civilian specialists. See ibid., 50.

10
.
Ibid., 30.

11
.
Ibid., 8.

12
.
Ibid., 30.

13
.
Frédéric Guelton, “The French Army ‘Centre for Training and Preparation in Counter-Guerrilla Warfare’ (CIPCG) at Arzew,” in
Alexander and Keiger,
France and the Algerian War,
42.

14
.
Ibid., 49.

Chapter 8: The Question of Morality

1
.
David Galula,
Pacification in Algeria: 1956–1958
(Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation, 2006), 70.

2
.
Ibid., 176.

3
.
Ibid., 218.

4
.
Charles de Gaulle,
Charles de Gaulle, Memoirs of Hope: Renewal and Endeavor
, trans. Terence Kilmartin (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1971), 15.

5
.
Alexander Zervoudakis, “A Case of Successful Pacification: The 584th Battalion du Train at Bordj de l’Agha (1956–57),” in
Martin S. Alexander and J. F. V. Keiger, eds.,
France and the Algerian War 1954–62: Strategy, Operations and Diplomacy
(London: Frank Cass, 2002), 56.

6
.
Paul Aussaresses,
The Battle of the Casbah: Terrorism and Counter-Terrorism in Algeria 1955–1957
(New York: Enigma Books, 2005), 77.

7
.
Ibid., 93.

8
.
Ibid., 119.

9
.
John Talbott,
The War Without a Name: France in Algeria, 1954–1962
(New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1980), 91.

10
.
Among the first to make this incendiary allegation was the journalist Claude Bourdet, who denounced what he called “your Algerian
Gestapo” in
France-Observateur.

11
.
University of San Francisco, “Algerian War Reading,”
http://www.usfca.edu/fac_staff/webberm/algeria.

Chapter 9: The Enclosed Hunting Preserve

1
.
John Talbott,
The War Without a Name: France in Algeria, 1954–1962
(New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1980), 184.

2
.
Gil Merom,
How Democracies Lose Small Wars: State, Society, and the Failures of France in Algeria, Israel in Lebanon, and the United
States in Vietnam
(Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2003), 86.

3
.
Michael K. Clark,
Algeria in Turmoil: A History of the Rebellion
(New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1959), 371.

4
.
Ibid., 404.

5
.
Charles de Gaulle,
Charles de Gaulle, Memoirs of Hope: Renewal and Endeavor
, trans. Terence Kilmartin (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1971), 15.

6
.
De Gaulle used this phrase at an October 23, 1958, press conference that is remembered because he offered “the peace of the
brave.”

7
.
Alistair Horne,
A Savage War of Peace: Algeria, 1954–1962
(Middlesex, En-gland: Penguin Books, 1985), 333.

8
.
Jules Roy,
The War in Algeria
, trans. Richard Howard (New York: Grove Press, 1961), 86.

9
.
Horne,
A Savage War
, 338.

Chapter 10: The Sense of Betrayal

1
.
Some estimates claim two million Algerians were relocated.

2
.
Peter Paret,
French Revolutionary Warfare from Indochina to Algeria: The Analysis of a political and Military Doctrine
(New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1964), 44.

3
.
Jules Roy,
The War in Algeria
, trans. Richard Howard (New York: Grove Press, 1961), 66–67.

4
.
Charles de Gaulle,
Charles de Gaulle, Memoirs of Hope: Renewal and Endeavor
, trans. Terence Kilmartin (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1971), 73– 74. Of course de Gaulle writes about this conclusion with
the virtue of hindsight.

5
.
Alistair Horne,
A Savage War of Peace: Algeria, 1954–1962
(Middlesex, En-gland: Penguin Books, 1985), 348.

6
.
Dorothy Pickles,
Algeria and France: From Colonialism to Cooperation
(New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1963), 85.

7
.
The statistics are broken down by category at University of San Francisco, “Algerian War Reading,”
http://www.usfca.edu/fac_staff/webberm/algeria.htm.

8
.
David Galula,
Pacification in Algeria: 1956–1958
(Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation, 2006), 18.

9
.
Paul Aussaresses,
The Battle of the Casbah: Terrorism and Counter-Terrorism in Algeria, 1955–1957
(New York: Enigma Books, 2005), 127.

10
.
Horne,
A Savage War
, 546.