KL: A History of the Nazi Concentration Camps (189 page)

Knittler,
Martin

Kn
ö
dler, Magdalena

Knoll, Christof

Kn
ö
ller, Helmut

Koch, Ilse

Koch, Karl Otto; corruption case against; death of; execution policy; extravagance of; leadership style of

Koch, Robert

Koegel, Max

Kogon, Eugen

Kohn, Armand

Kohn, Georges

Kohnstein

Koker, David

Kolacek, Josef

Kola-Fu

Kolbe, Maksymilian

Kolberg
(film)

Konzentrationslager
,
see
KL system

K
ö
penick

Koretz, Arieh

Korewina, Helena

Kovno

Kozlowieki, Adam

Kozlowski, Ella

KPD (Communist Party of Germany)

Krakow

Krakow University

Kramer, Josef

Krebsbach, Eduard

Kremer, Johann Paul

Kreuzberg

Kristallnacht

Kristan, Bernhard

Kruk, Hershl

Krupp

KTI (Criminal Technical Institute)

Kulikow, Anatolij

K
ü
nstler, Karl

Kupfer, Edgar

K
ü
sel, Otto

Kutno

labor,
see
economically pointless labor; forced
labor; slave labor

labor action leaders

Ladik, Grigorij

Lagedi

Lammers, Hans Heinrich

Landsberg

Langbein, Hermann

Langefeld, Johanna

Langer, Lawrence

Langfus, Lejb

Langhoff, Wolfgang

languages, prisoner

Laqueur, Renata

Lasker-Allais, Renate

latrines; cleaning; disease and; suicides; underground

Latvia

Lauenberg

Laurah
ü
tte

Lauwe, Marijo Chombart de

League of Nations

Lebedev,
Benjamin

Lechenich, Jonny

Left; conflicts within; German fear of; 1933 terror against; in 1934–39 camps; in 1939–41 camps; in 1944 camps; of 1945; pamphlets about early camps;
see also
Communists; political prisoners

legal system,
see
courts

Lehmann, Arthur

Lehmann, Gertrude

Lehmann, G
ü
nther

Lehrburger, Karl

Leibstandarte

Leipzig-Sch
ö
nefeld

Lenard, Dionys

Lengyel, Olga

lethal injections

letters, prisoner; blackmail; censored; mail embargo; secret

Levi, Primo;
If This Is a Man

Levy, Ludwig

L
é
vy-Hass, Hanna

Lewental, Salmen

liberation; of Auschwitz; early days of; media coverage; memory and; relief effort;
see also specific camps

libraries, camp

lice

Lichtenberg, Bernhard

Lichtenburg; organizational restructure of; women in

Liebehenschel, Arthur; as commandant of Auschwitz;
death of; demise of; trial of

Lieberose

Lingens-Reiner, Ella

Linz

Lippert, Michael

literature, Holocaust

Lithuania

Litten, Hans; death of

Litten, Irmgard

living space, Nazi concept of

Lodz

Lolling, Enno

London

London
Times

Loritz, Hans; as commandant of Dachau

Loslau

Lower Silesia

L
ü
beck

Lublin

Lucas, Franz

Luckau

Ludolph, Erna

Ludwigshafen

Lukawski, Victor

L
ü
neburg

L
ü
tjenburg

MacDonald, Ramsay

machine guns

Machnew, Aleksander

Magdeburg

Magnussen, Karin

Mahl, Emil

Majdanek; Action “Harvest Festival”; barracks; conditions; corruption; escapes; evacuation of; forced labor; foreign opinion on; gas chambers; Jews in; prisoner relations; trial

Majewicz, Stanis
ł
aw

malaria; experiments

Malsen-Ponickau, Baron von

Manchester Guardian

Marczyński, Józef

marriages,
prisoner

Marseilles

Marxism

mass extermination; Camp SS killers; “euthanasia” program; foreign opinion on; German public awareness of; Holocaust; invention of Auschwitz gas chamber; mass shootings; neck-shooting mechanism; 1941 transition to; of 1942–43; of 1944; of 1945; Operation Reinhard; of Soviet POWs;
see also
“Final Solution”; Holocaust

mass graves

mass shootings; of 1945

masturbation

Masur, Norbert

Matth
äu
s, J
ü
rgen

Maurer, Gerhard

Mauriac, Fran
ç
ois

Mauthausen; brothel; “Bullet” prisoners; gas chamber; Jews; memorial; prisoner relations; resistance; satellite camps; Soviet POWs executed in; T-4 selections;
see also
Gusen

Max Planck Society

Mazower, Mark

Medryk, Danuta

Meier, Gretel

Melk

Melmer, Bruno

memorials; Auschwitz; Buchenwald; Dachau; Mauthausen

Memorial
to the Murdered Jews of Europe (Berlin)

memory; of German public; history and; memorials; of 1950s–70s; of 1980s; survivors and; testimonies; unification and

men; in Auschwitz; brothels and; in Camp SS, safe from front line; daily lives of; desexualization of; hair; homosexuals; masculinity undermined in camps; prisoner relations; prisoner worlds; “race defilers”; rape of; SS masculine identity;
sterilization of; survival rates; torture methods used on; “work-shy”

Mengele, Josef; escape of

Mennecke, Friedrich

mental asylums;

mentally ill prisoners; “euthanasia” program; sterilization of

Messerschmitt

Mettbach, Anna

“Mexico”

Meyer, Konrad

Michael, Gotthold

Michalowski, Leo

Michelet, Edmond

military routines; in early camps

Minderlein, Karl

Ministry of Propaganda

Minsk

Minz, Erich

Minzberg, Shmuel

Missler

Mitron, Henrika

Mittelbach, Dr.

Mittelbau

M
ł
awa

M
ö
ckel, Karl Ernst

mock executions

Moll, Otto

Mommsen, Hans

Monowitz; forced labor; IG Farben; 1944 complex

moor cultivation

Moravia

Morgen, Konrad

Moringen; women in

Moscow

M
ü
hldorf

M
ü
hlgraben

M
ü
hsam, Erich

M
ü
hsam, Kreszentia

Muhsfeldt, Erich

Mulin, Josef Henri

M
ü
ller, Filip

M
ü
ller, Heinrich

M
ü
ller, Wilhelm

M
ü
lsen St. Michelin

Munich; B
ü
rgerbr
ä
ukeller bombing; 1919 uprising

Munich conference (1938)

Munich Soviet

Murr, Wilhelm

Murrow, Edward R.

Muselm
ä
nner

music; camp orchestras; prisoner; SS

Muslims

Mussolini, Benito

mustard gas

myth of ignorance

Nama

Namibia

Nansen, Odd

Narva

Nathorff, Erich

Natzweiler; evacuation of; human experiments in

Naujoks, Harry

Nazi Party
(NSDAP); establishment of

Nazism; anti-Semitic policy; atrocity rumors; Berlin Olympics; “blood and soil” doctrine; blurring between state and party; building plans; “counterterrorism”; development of “Final Solution”; early camps; end of war; “euthanasia” program; execution policy; fading confidence in victory; foreign opinion on; formation of camp system; Hitler myth and; Hitler’s rise to power;
Holocaust; human experiments; ideology; Janus face of punishment; Kristallnacht; leaders’ elation over early war victories; legacy of; looting and corruption; masculine identity; 1923 putsch; popular appeal of; postwar justice for war crimes; prewar racial policy; racial science; rituals and symbols; R
ö
hm purge; roots of camps; terror of 1933; wartime racial policy;
see also leaders, divisions,
and ideologies

Nebe, Arthur

neck-shooting mechanism

Neff, Walter

neo-Nazis

Netherlands

Neu-Dachs

Neuengamme; arms production; liberation; prisoner relations; satellite camps

Neufeld, Michael J.

Neuhammer

Neuhoff, Chaim

Neumann, Heinz

Neusustrum

newsreels

New York Times, The

NGOs (nongovernmental organizations)

Niederhagen

Niem
ö
ller, Martin

“Night of the Long Knives”

nighttime
raids

Nitsche, Hermann

NKVD

NN prisoners

Nohra

Noma

Nordhausen

Normandy

North Africa

Norway

Norwegian prisoners

notes and diaries, secret

“November Jews”

Nuremberg; castle

Nuremberg Laws

Nuremberg Rally

Nuremberg Trials; Doctors’

Nyiszli, Mikl
ó
s

Oberlindhart

Ohm Kr
ü
ger
(film)

Olympics, Berlin

open-air cremation

Operation Barbarossa

Operation Bernhard

Operation Reinhard;
anatomy of

Operation Thunderstorm

Oranienburg; brick works; closing of; Nazi propaganda on; SS takeover of

orchestras, camp;
see also
music

ordinary Germans,
see
German public

Orth, Karin

Osnabr
ü
ck

Ossietzky, Carl von; death of

Osthofen

OT (Organization Todt)

Ovici, Elisabeth

Ovrashko, Sergey

Oyrzy
ń
ska, Maria

Pagel, Fritz

Palestine

Palitzsch, Gerhard

Palmnicken

Pannicke, Kurt

Papenburg

Pappenheim, Ludwig

Paris

Paserman, Oskar

passive victim myth

“path to freedom” slogan

Pauler, Stefan

Pauly, Max

Pawiak

Peenem
ü
nde

penal block;
see also
penal company

penal company

People’s Storm

Petz, Heinrich

Peulev
é
, Henri

pharmaceutical industry

phosgene experiments

photographs of prisoners; of KL atrocities; smuggled out of camps; staged

Pilecki, Witold

Pingel,
Falk

pink triangle,
see
homosexuals

Piorkowski, Alex

Pipel

Pister, Hermann

Plaszow; evacuation

Plauen

Pogonowski, Janusz

pogrom (1938)

Pohl, Eleonore (n
é
e von Brüning)

Pohl, Gerhard

Pohl, Oswald; arms production and; building projects; commandants of; corruption and extravagance; death of; Eicke and; as head of KL system; Himmler and; leadership style; reducing death rates; rise to
power; SS corruption and; SS economy and; WVHA and

poison gas,
see
carbon monoxide; gas chambers; Zyklon B

Poland; Bromberg murders; ghettos; KL system in; Nazi occupation of; Operation Reinhard; war crimes trials

police; attacks on social outsiders; criminal; Himmler’s dominance over Prussian police; Kristallnacht; terror of 1933; wartime;
see also
Gestapo; SS

Polish Home Army

Polish Jews;
arrival in Auschwitz; of 1942–43

Polish prisoners; attacks on; intelligentsia; as Kapos; last days of KL system; mass executions of; in 1942–43 camps; relations; resistance; women

Polish Red Cross

Political offices, inside KL

political prisoners; “bigwigs”; Dirlewanger Formation; in early camps; as Kapos; 1934 releases; in 1934–39 camps; in 1939–41 camps; in 1942–43 camps; in 1944 camps; in
1945 camps; prison relations; procession to camps; R
ö
hm purge; underground;
see also
Communists; Left; resistance;
individual countries

political soldiers; of 1934–39 camps; SA prototype; SS ideal of

Poller, Walter

Polygal experiments

Pomerania

porcelain

Porta Westfalica

Posen

possessions of prisoners; dental gold; looting of

postwar period; early days of; emigration; justice; legacy
of KL system and; media coverage; memory and; of 1950s–70s; relief effort; reparation payments; repatriation of survivors; testimonies; trials

Prague

pregnancy

press; American; atrocity rumors and; British; Communist; on early camps; exile; on female perpetrators; foreign views on camps; Jewish; on liberation; Nazi; postwar; Soviet

Prettin

preventive police custody;
see also
“asocials”; “criminals”;

prisoners; anti-Semitism of; arms production; Auschwitz-Birkenau; awareness of mass extermination; blackmail of; black market; brothels; Buchenwald; children; civilian workers and; clergymen; Communist; communities; comradeship; corpse removal; Dachau; daily lives of; defiance; as doctors; early camps; elite; end of war; escapes; evacuations; evidence smuggled out by; exchange; experiments on;
final moments of captivity; flogging; forced labor; foreign; friction between; future discussed by; “greens”; “groupness”; groups and hierarchies; Gypsy camp; hair; homosexuals; insignia; insubordination; invalid; Jehovah’s Witnesses; Jewish; Kapos; languages; letters; liberation of; life after liberation; looted possessions of; Majdanek; marriages; morality;
Muselm
ä
nner
; mutual support among;
national groups; 1934 releases; 1934–35 daily inmate numbers; in 1934–39 camps; in 1939–41 camps; in 1942–43 camps; in 1944 camps; in 1945 camps; NN; numbers; passive victim myth; pregnancies; protective custody; reducing death rates; relations; relatives of; releases; religious believers; reports about early camps; rescues; resistance; reward system; R
ö
hm purge; roll call; sabotage; Sachsenhausen;
satellite camps; second-time-rounders; secret notes and diaries; selections; sex; slaps; slave labor; social outsiders; solidarity and friction; Soviet POWs; Special Squad; stages system; sterilization; suicide; surrogate families; training; triangle colors; underground; uniforms; uprisings; veteran; victim swaps; women; “work-shy”;
see also
conditions, prisoner;
specific camps, prisoners, and
nationalities