KL: A History of the Nazi Concentration Camps (190 page)

prisons, state,
see
state prisons

“professional” criminals;
see also
“greens, criminal”

progressive stages system

propaganda; atrocity rumors; Berlin Olympics; early camps; films; 1934–39 camps; 1939–41 camps; 1942–43 camps; 1944 camps; 1945 camps; public opinion; on social outsiders; staged visits to camps

prostitutes; brothels

protective custody; of 1934–39; of 1939–41; Prussian
model of; releases of 1934; social outsiders in; terminology; women in

Protectorate, of Bohemia and Moravia

Protestant Church

Prussia; criminal police; early camps; emerging state camp system; Emsland camps; Himmler’s dominance over political police; as model for early camps; 1934–39 camps in; organizational restructure of camp system; social outsiders in; terror of 1933;
see also specific
camps

Prussian Mint

public opinion,
see
foreign opinion; German public; memory; rumors

pubs; SA

quarantine compounds

quarry camps

“race defilement”

racial policy; attacks on social outsiders; development of “Final Solution”; Holocaust; human experiments; hygiene and purity; of 1934–39; of 1939–41; of 1942–43; of 1944; of 1945; pogrom and; prewar anti-Jewish; in satellite camps; sterilization
program; wartime

racial science; human experiments

Radinger, Eduard

radio; Allied; BBC; coded transmissions; German; hidden; postwar; Soviet

Radom

railway building brigades

Rakers, Bernhard

Raoul-Duval, Guy

rape; Red Army and; early camps

Rascher, Sigmund

Rathenow

Rauter, Hanns Albin

Ravensbr
ü
ck; arms production; human experiments; memorial; men in; in 1945; prisoner relations; resistance;
satellite camps; tailors’ workshops; T-4 selections; women in

Red Army; advance of; German fear of; German troop desertions to; rape and;
see also
Soviet POWs; commissars, Soviet

Red Cross

“Red Guards”

“red” Kapos

Redl-Zipf

red triangle,
see
political prisoners

reeducation

Reichel, Peter

Reich Ministry of Justice

Reichstag; fire of 1933

relatives of prisoners; detention of; mail embargo;
packages from; relations among; T-4 program; visits to camps

releases; amnesty of 1939; Christmas amnesty of 1933; Dirlewanger Formation and; early camps; end of war; of Jews; of 1934; of 1937; of 1944; of “November Jews”; postwar timing of

relief effort, postwar

religious prisoners

Renouard, Jean-Pierre

report leader

resistance; Allied spies; escapes; of 1944; of 1945; occupied Europe;
Polish; prisoner; secret messages; SS; underground; uprisings

Revolution of 1918, impact on Nazism

reward system, in camps

Riese

Riga

RKPA (Reich Criminal Police Office)

R
ö
dl, Arthur

R
ö
hm, Ernst; homosexuality of; murder of

roll call

Rolnikaite, Mascha

Roma,
see
Gypsies

Romania

Rome

room elder

Rose, Gerhard

Rosenberg, Eliasz

Rosenberg, Nicholas

Rosenthal, Rolf

Rosenwasser, Irena

Rost, Nico

Rotschild, Inge

Rousset, David

R
ó
zsa,
Á
gnes

RSHA (Reich Security Main Office)

rumors; atrocity; of early camps; of “euthanasia” program; of mass extermination in Auschwitz; of 1934–39

Russian prisoners;
see
Soviet prisoners

SA; brownshirts; demise of; early camps; homes; Murder Storm; 1934–39 camps; political soldier prototype; pubs; R
ö
hm purge; terror of 1933

Saarland

Sachsenburg;
SS takeover

Sachsenhausen; barracks; brick works; brothel; conditions; counterfeiting commando; crematorium; deaths; “death squad”; “euthanasia” program; executions; expansion; forced labor; human experiments; infirmary; Jews; Kapos; May 1942 massacre; memorial; neck-shooting mechanism; of 1942–43; of 1945; opening of; Poles in; prisoner relations; prototype; resistance; satellite camps; social
outsiders in; Soviet POW executions in; torture

“Sachsenhausen Song”

Saint-Clair, Simone

St. Lambrecht

Salzgitter-Watenstedt

Sandbostel

satellite camps; Allied bombing of; arms production; Buchenwald; eastern European camps; encounters with civilian workers; evacuation of; gender in; Jews in; Kapos; liberation of; in 1944; of 1945; postwar obscurity of; production and construction; public
opinion and; racial hierarchies; SS Building Brigades; staff; underground;
see also specific camps

Sauckel, Fritz

Sauerbruch, Professor

Saxony

scabies

Sch
ä
fer, Werner

Schelvis, Jules

Schilling, Claus

Schillinger, Josef

Schindler, Oskar

Schitli, Wilhelm

Schlaf, Gustav

Schlier

Schlinger, Lajos

Schloss, Louis

Schmalzl, Centa

Schmelt, Albrecht

Schmelt camps

Schmid, Dr.

Schneider,
Paul

scholarship; on KL system

Schott, Bully

Schubert, Wilhelm

Schumann, Horst

Schur, Grigori

Schwarz, Wilhelm

Schwarzhuber, Johann

Schwerin

SD

second-time-rounders

secrecy; importance of, in KL system; T-4 program

Seger, Elisabeth

Seger, Gerhart

Segev, Tom

selections; Auschwitz-Birkenau; children; “euthanasia” program; by Kapos; of 1945; restrictions on; sexual abuse during

sex:
brothels; Camp SS guards; homosexuals; human experiments; Kapos; prisoner; prisoner-guard; “race defilers”; rape; for survival; torture

shale extraction

ships, German

shooting ranges

shrunken heads

Siemens & Halske

Siemens-Schuckert works

Silesian Jews

Simoni, Walter

Sinti,
see
Gypsies

Sippenhaft

sirens

skeleton collections

skull-and-bones badge

slaps

slave labor; in brothels; camp
growth and; civilian workers and; foreign; hunt for; in 1942–43 camps; in 1944 camps; in 1945 camps; public awareness of; reducing death rates; satellite camps; terminology; underground;
see also
forced labor

sleeping quarters,
see
barracks

slogans, SS; “path to freedom”; “To Each His Own”; “Work Makes Free”

Slovakia

Slovakian Jews

Sobibor; conditions

soccer

social outsiders; early attacks
on; extralegal detention of; Jews; 1937–38 raids against; propaganda on; in quarry camps and brick works; survivors;
see also
“asocials”; criminals; Gypsies; homosexuals; “professional” criminals

Sofsky, Wolfgang

Soldmann, Fritz

Solmitz, Fritz

Sommer, Martin

“Song of the Moorland Soldiers”

Sonnenburg; closure of

Sonnenstein

Sorge, Gustav

Soski

South African War; concentration camps

Soviet Jews

Soviet POWs; Action “Bullet”; in Auschwitz; in Dachau; as forced labor; mass death of in KL; mass extermination of; in Sachsenhausen; survivors; transports;
see also
commissars, Soviet

Soviet prisoners;
see also
commissars, Soviet; Soviet POWs; Ukrainian prisoners

Soviet Union; advance of Red Army; disinterest in “Final Solution”; General Plan East; German invasion of; Gulag; Hitler-Stalin
pact; liberation of camps; postwar; press

Soviet youths, as forced labor

Soyfer, Jura

Spain; camp system; Civil War; “Red Spaniards”

Spandau

SPD (German Social Democratic Party); conflicts with Communists

Special Inspectorates, SS

Special Squad; uprising

Speer, Albert; as armaments minister; building plans; Hitler and; rise; trial of

spies, Allied

“sport”

SS; anti-Semitic policy; apocalyptic
worldview; arms production; Auschwitz; black market; Buchenwald; Building Brigades; building plans; Camp SS; Commandant Staff; comradeship; Dachau; Death’s Head; “decent” punishment and; denials of personal responsibility; discipline of; diseases caught from prisoners; early camps; economy; end of war; entertainment; escapes at end of war; ethnic Germans in; “euthanasia” program; execution
policy; family life in Auschwitz; forced labor; foreigners in; formation of camp system; gender relations; General Plan East; growing status of; Guard Troops; hierarchies; Himmler’s takeover of; Holocaust; homophobia; housing; human experiments; incriminating evidence destroyed; industry and; infighting; insignia; internal investigation of; invention of Auschwitz gas chamber; looting and corruption;
loyalty to Himmler; masculine identity of; military ambitions; nepotism; of 1933; 1934–39 camps; 1939–41 camps; 1941 transition to mass extermination; of 1942–43; of 1944; of 1945; “November Jews” and; prewar racial policy; pogrom and; postwar justice for war crimes; prisoner resistance to; professionals; recruitment and training; response to prisoner escapes; R
ö
hm purge; routines; satellite camps;
secrecy; slave labor; slogans; social life of; social outsiders pursued by; Soviet POW executions; Special Squad prisoners and; state threat to camp system; suicides; terror of 1933; underground operations; uniforms; utopianism; wartime racial policy; wives and children; WVHA absorption of concentration camps;
see also
Camp SS; Commandant Staff; Death’s Head SS; Guard Troops; KL system;
specific
members, groups, offices, camps, and staff
; WVHA

Stadelheim

Stalin, Joseph

Stalingrad

“Stalin Swing”

standing commandos

Stangl, Franz

Stark, Hans

starvation,
see
hunger

state prisons; forced labor; of 1942–43; progressive stages system; roots of Nazi camps and

Stauffenberg, Count

Steinbrenner, Hans

Steiner twins

Steinmeyer, Theodor

sterilization program

Stettin

Steyr-Daimler-Puch
AG

Stosberg, Hans

Strasdenhof

Straus, Roger

Stumachin Lina

Stutthof; evacuation of; selections

Subhuman, The
(publication)

submarines

Sudetenland; German annexation of

Suhren, Fritz

suicide; of Hitler; of Kapos; of prisoners; SS; of survivors

sulfonamide drugs

Sundays

survivors; Auschwitz; children; Dachau; death soon after liberation; in DP camps; gender and; hierarchies; of human
experiments; invalid; Jews; justice for; lack of empathy for; memorials; memory and; of 1939–41; relief effort; reparation payments; repatriation of; sex workers; Soviet POWs; suicide; testimonies and memoirs

swastika

Sweden

Swedish Red Cross

Swiss Red Cross

Switzerland

Synthos

Szalet, Leon

Szymczak, Ludwig

Taffel, Menachem

Tarn
ó
w

Tas, Louis

tattoos, Auschwitz

Tauzin, Jean-Henry

T-Building

television; Holocaust depictions

testimonies and memoirs; fake, used as propaganda; secret notes and diaries; Vrba-Wetzler

Teutonic Knights

Texled

T-4 program; Action 14f13; demise of; gas chambers; selections; shift to Holocaust

Theresienstadt

Th
ä
lmann, Ernst

Thielbek

Thiemann, Helmut

Thierack, Otto-Georg

Thilo, Heinz

Third Reich; annexation of Austria and Sudetenland; anti-Semitic
policy; building mania in; demise of; development of “Final Solution”; early camps; end of war; forced labor; foreign opinion on; formation of camp system; Hitler’s appointment as chancellor; Hitler myth and; Holocaust; internal tug-of-war; Kristallnacht; leaders’ elation over early war victories; of 1933; 1934–39 camps; 1939–41 camps; 1941 transition to mass extermination; 1942–43 camps;
1944 camps; 1945 camps; prewar racial policy,139–57; R
ö
hm purge; roots of Nazi camps; terror of 1933; wartime racial policy;
see also
Germany;
specific leaders, groups, and offices

thirst

Thomas, Georg

Thuringia

Time
magazine

Topf & Sons

torture; atrocity rumors; Auschwitz; “bathing actions”; Buchenwald; bureaucracy of; Camp SS; children; Dachau; “decent” punishment; of defiant prisoners;
early camps; Emsland; evidence destroyed; by female guards; flogging; hanging from a post; human experiments; of Jews; Kapos and; methods and instruments; nighttime raid; in 1934–39 camps; in 1939–41 camps; in 1942–43 camps; in 1944 camps; religious ceremonies and; Sachsenhausen; slaps; “sport”; “Stalin Swing”; standing commandos; women and;
see also specific methods

totalitarianism; Arendt on

tourism

trade unions, destruction of

transports; to Auschwitz; escapes; evacuation; final; of Jews; of 1942–43; of 1944; of 1945; satellite camp; Soviet POWs;
see also specific camps

Traunstein

Trawniki

Treaty of Versailles

Treblinka; conditions; gas chambers

trials; Allied war crimes trials; Bargatzky; denials of personal responsibility; of 1950s–70s; Nuremberg; postwar; prewar for KL
crimes

triangles, colored

Tr
ö
bitz

tuberculosis

Tucholsky, Kurt

Tuppy, Karl

Turgel, Norman

twins; experiments on

typhoid fever

typhus; experiments