Life in a Medieval Village (29 page)

53.
Hanawalt,
Ties That Bound,
pp. 172-173.

54.
Ibid., pp. 175-179.

55.
Bedfordshire Coroners’ Rolls,
p. 1.

56.
Ibid., p. 51.

57.
Ibid., pp. 59-60.

58.
Ibid., p. 98.

59.
Barbara Hanawalt, “Childbearing Among the Lower Classes of Late Medieval England,”
Journal of Interdisciplinary History
8 (1977), pp. 20-21.

60.
Owst,
Literature and Pulpit,
pp. 34-35.

61.
Ibid., pp. 33-34.

62.
Ibid., p. 34.

63.
Hanawalt,
Ties That Bound,
pp. 166-167.

64.
Cart. Rames., pp. 300-301.

65.
M. M. Postan and J. Titow, “Heriots and Prices on Winchester Manors,”
Economic History Review
2nd ser. 11 (1959), pp. 392-410; Hanawalt,
Ties That
Bound, pp. 228-229; Miller and Hatcher,
Medieval England,
pp. viii-ix.

66.
E.M.R., p. 311.

67.
Elaine Clark, “Some Aspects of Social Security in Medieval England,”
Journal of Family History
7 (1982), pp. 307-320.

68.
Manning,
Handlyng
Synne, pp. 30-32.

69.
J. A. Raftis, Tenure
and Mobility: Studies in the Social
History
of the Mediaeval English Village,
Toronto, 1964, pp. 43-44.

70.
Ibid., pp. 44-45.

71.
Homans, English Villagers, p. 146.

72.
Clark, “Some Aspects of Social Security,” p. 313.

73.
Ibid., pp. 312-313.

74.
Raftis,
Tenure and Mobility,
p. 45.

75.
Ibid., p. 44.

76.
Clark, “Some Aspects of Social Security,” pp. 310-311.

77.
Howard Morris Stuckert,
Corrodies in
English Monasteries: A
Study in English Social History of the Middle Ages,
Philadelphia, 1923; Hilton, A
Medieval Society,
pp. 111-113.

78.
Hilton, A
Medieval Society,
p. 163.

79.
Bedfordshire Coroners’ Rolls,
p. 4.

80.
Ibid., p. 89.

81.
Manning,
Handlyng Synne,
pp. 280-281.

82.
Myrc, Instructions
for Parish Priests,
pp. 53-59.

83.
Roberti Grosseteste
Epistolae episcopi quondam
Lincolniensis, ed. by H. R. Luard, London, 1861, p. 74, cited in Homans,
English Villagers,
p. 392.

84.
Homans, English Villagers, p. 392.

85.
Cited in Owst, Preaching in Medieval England, p. 268.

1.
E.M.R., p. 90; Raftis, “Farming Techniques,” in
The Agrarian History of England and Wales,
vol. 2, p. 329.

2.
Ault, Open-Field Farming, pp. 22-23.

3.
Gray,
English Field Systems,
especially pp. 39—49 and 71-82; Gray expresses the change from two-field to three-field as bringing “under tillage one-sixth more of the [total] arable” (p. 76); Homans, English Villagers, p. 57; Duby, Rural
Economy and
Country
Life,
pp. 22-23, 92-96; Miller and Hatcher, Medieval England, pp. 88-97.

4.
Miller and Hatcher, Medieval England, pp. 89-97 for a general discussion of field systems; Homans, English Villagers, p. 54; Trevor Rowley, “Medieval Field Systems,” in Cantor, ed., The English Medieval
Landscape,
pp. 36-38.

5.
Maurice Beresford,
Studies
in
Leicestershire Agrarian History,
London, 1949, p. 93, cited in Ault,
Open-Field Farming,
p. 52.

6.
E.M.R., p. 4.

7.
Ibid., p. 34.

8.
Ibid., p. 30.

9.
Ibid., p. 3.

10.
Miller and Hatcher,
Medieval England,
p. 99.

11.
Ibid., p. 123.

12.
E.M.R., p. xxx.

13.
V.C.H.
Hunts.,
vol. 1, p. 75; Rot. Hund., p. 657.

14.
Cart.
Rames.,
vol. 1, pp. 323-324.

15.
Raftis,
Estates of Ramsey Abbey,
pp. 194-195; Robert R. Reynolds,
Europe Emerges:
Transition
Toward an Industrial World-Wide Society, 600-1750,
Madison, 1967, p. 132.

16.
E.M.R., p. xxx.

17.
Ibid., p. 4.

18.
Ibid., p. 5.

19.
John Langdon, “Agricultural Equipment,” in Astill and Grant, eds.,
Countryside of Medieval England,
p. 96; Orwin and Orwin,
The Open Fields,
p. 12; Field, “Worcestershire Peasant Buildings,” pp. 123-125.

20.
Ault,
Open-Field Farming,
p. 20; Miller and Hatcher,
Medieval England
pp. 154-155.

21.
Trow-Smith,
British Livestock Husbandry,
pp. 69-70.

22.
Butser Hill Ancient Farm Project; M. L. Ryder, “Livestock,” in
The
Agrarian
History of England and Wales,
vol. 1, pt. 1, p. 349; E.M.R., p. lix; Trow-Smith, British Livestock
Husbandry,
vol. 1, p. 123.

23.
Ault,
Open-Field Farming, p.
20.

24.
Ibid., p. 22; Orwin and Orwin,
The Open Fields,
pp. 33-35; Homans,
English Villagers,
pp. 44-45.

25.
Ault, Open-Field
Farming, p.
23.

26.
Thirsk, “Farming Techniques,” in
The Agrarian History of England and Wales,
vol. 4, p. 166;
Walter of Henley,
p. 19.

27.
Ibid., p. 19; J. A. Raftis, “Farming Techniques: the East Midlands,” in
The Agrarian History of England and Wales,
vol. 2, p. 327.

28.
E.M.R., p. 249; Christopher Dyer, “Farming Techniques: the West Midlands,” in
The Agrarian History of England and Wales,
vol. 2, p. 378.

29.
Homans,
English
Villagers, p. 40.

30.
Walter of Henley,
p. 13; Raftis, “Farming Techniques: the East Midlands,” in
The Agrarian History of England and Wales,
vol. 2, p. 327.

31.
Dyer,
Lords and Peasants, p.
69.

32.
Walter of Henley,
p. 15.

33.
Maitland,
Domesday Book and Beyond, p
. 348.

34.
Ault,
Open-Field Farming,
pp. 26-27.

35.
Cart. Rames.,
vol. 1, p. 311; E.M.R., p. 173; Homans,
English
Villagers, pp. 269-270.

36.
Cart. Rames., vol. 1, p. 311.

37.
Ibid., vol. 1, pp. 311, 336.

38.
E.M.R., p. 30.

39.
Ibid., p. 3.

40.
Ibid., p. 69.

41.
Cart.
Rames.,
vol. 1, p. 300.

42.
Britton,
Community of the Vill
pp. 170-171; H. E. Hallam, “The Life of the People,” in The
Agrarian History of England and Wales,
vol. 2, p. 838.

43.
Walter of Henley (Hosbonderie),
p. 69.

44.
Ault, Open-Field Farming, p. 28.

45.
Cited in Ault, Open-Field Farming, p. 31
(Commentary on the Laws of England,
vol. 3, p. 212, 1772).

46.
Walter of Henley,
p. 69; Homans, English Villagers, p. 103.

47.
Hilton, A Medieval
Society,
p. 123.

48.
Fernand Braudel,
Civilization and Capitalism 1
5th-18th Century, vol. 1,
The Structures of Everyday Life: The Limits of the Possible,
New York, 1981, p. 124.

49.
Ault, Open-Field Farming, p. 29.

50.
Walter
of Henley (Seneschaucie),
p. 99.

51.
Ault, Open-Field Farming, pp. 42-43.

52.
Langdon, “Agricultural Equipment,” in Astill and Grant, eds., Countryside
of Medieval England,
p. 103.

53.
Duby,
Rural Economy and Country Life,
p. 270; F. R. H. DuBoulay,
The Lordship of Canterbury,
London, 1966, p. 12.

54.
E.M.R., p. 92.

55.
Langland,
Piers Plowman’s
Crede, pp. 16-17.

56.
Hilton,
The English Peasantry in the Later Middle Ages,
pp. 102-103.

57.
Ibid., p. 105.

58.
Ibid., p. 97.

59.
Trow-Smith,
British Livestock Husbandry, p.
129.

60.
Ibid., p. 147.

61.
Ibid., p. 159.

62.
Thirsk, “Farming Techniques,” in
The Agrarian History of England and Wales,
vol. 4, p. 187.

63.
Miller and Hatcher,
Medieval England, p.
217.

64.
Walter
of Henley (Hosbonderie),
pp. 76-77.

65.
Trow-Smith, British
Livestock Husbandry, p.
128.

66.
Ault, Open-Field Fanning, pp. 48-49.

67.
V.C.H. Hunts., p. 78.

68.
Joan Thirsk, “Farming Techniques,” in The Agrarian
History of England and Wales,
vol. 4, pp. 192-193.

69.
Ault, Open-Field Farming, p. 50.

70.
Trow-Smith,
British Livestock Husbandry,
pp. 117, 121; Miller and Hatcher,
Medieval England, p.
217.

71.
James Greig, “Plant Resources,” in Astill and Grant, eds., Countryside
of Medieval England,
p. 121;
E.M.R.,
p. 60.

72.
Raftis, “Farming Techniques,” in
The Agrarian History of England and Wales,
vol. 2, p. 338; Thirsk, “Farming Techniques,” in
The Agrarian History of England and Wales,
vol. 4, p. 195.

73.
Walter of Henley (Hosbonderie),
p. 77.

74.
Joseph and Frances Gies, Life
in a Medieval City,
New York, 1969, pp. 102-103.

75.
E.M.R.,
p. 81.

76.
Ibid., p. 303.

77.
Cart. Rames.,
vol. 1, pp. 489-490.

78.
E.M.R.,
p. 52.

79.
Ibid., pp.96, 117.

80.
Ibid., p. 260.

81.
Ibid., pp.64, 111-112, 211.

82.
Ibid., pp. 13, 64.

83.
Ibid., p. lvii.

84.
Ibid., pp. 5, 45.

85.
Ibid., pp. 66, 67, 138, 141, 171, 172.

86.
Henri Pirenne,
Economic and Social History of Medieval Europe,
New York, 1937, p. 88.

87.
Homans,
English Villagers,
p. 236; Raftis, Tenure
and Mobility,
p. 139.

88.
E.M.R.,
pp. 6-7.

89.
Postan and Titow, “Heriots and Prices on Winchester Manors.”

90.
Mollat,
The Poor in the Middle Ages,
p. 178.

91.
Vinogradoff,
Growth of the
Manor, p. 307.

92.
Hallam, “The Life of the People,” in The Agrarian
History of England and Wales,
vol. 2, p. 846.

1.
Miller and Hatcher,
Medieval England,
pp. 106-107.

2.
John Godfrey,
The English Parish, 600-1300,
London, 1969; J. R. H. Moorman, Church
Life
in
England in the Thirteenth Century,
Cambridge, 1945, pp. 2-9.

3.
Cart. Rames., vol. 2, p. 136.

4.
Moorman, Church Life
in England,
pp. 24-37; A. Hamilton Thompson,
The English Clergy and Their Organization in the Later Middle Ages,
Oxford, 1947, pp. 101-131.

5.
Moorman,
Church Life in England,
pp. 26-28.

6.
Chronicon de Lanercost,
Edinburgh, 1839, p. 158, cited in Moorman,
Church Life in England,
p. 27n.

7.
Moorman,
Church Life in England,
pp. 28-31; Godfrey,
The English Parish,
pp. 74-75.

8.
Ibid., pp. 76-77.

9.
Chaucer, Canterbury Tales, pp. 30-31.

10.
Moorman,
Church Life in England,
pp. 90-91.

11.
Ibid., pp. 92-94.

12.
Ibid., pp. 95-98.

13.
Myrc, Instructions
for Parish Priests,
p. 1; W. A. Pantin,
The English Church in the
Fourteenth Century, Cambridge, 1955, pp. 195-243.

14.
The Autobiography of Giraldus Cambrensis,
ed. and trans, by H. E. Williams, London, 1937, p. 40.

15.
Cart. Rames., vol. 1, pp. 293-294.

16.
Ibid., vol. 1, p. 306.

17.
Ibid., vol. 1, p. 331.

18.
Rot.
Hund
., p. 658.

19.
Cart. Rames., vol. 1, pp. 305-306.

20.
Ibid., vol. 1, p. 293.

21.
Ibid., vol. 1, p. 320.

22.
E.M.R., p. 196.

23.
Ibid., p. 300.

24.
Owst, Preaching in Medieval England, p. 31.

25.
Moorman, Church Life in Medieval England, p. 59.

26.
Colin Piatt,
The Parish Churches of Medieval
England, London, 1981, p. 58.

27.
Adhemar Esmein,
Le Manage en
droit
canonique,
ed. by R. Genestal, Paris, 1929-35, vol. 1, p. 131.

28.
Moorman,
Church Life
in England, pp. 64-65.

29.
Manning, Handlyng Synne, pp. 201-203.

30.
Chronicon de Lanercost,
pp. 2-3, cited in Moorman,
Church Life in England,
p. 64.

31.
Piatt, Parish
Churches,
pp. 13-26.

32.
Ibid., pp. 27-28.