Machine Made: Tammany Hall and the Creation of Modern American Politics (59 page)
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Authors: Terry Golway
Sullivan’s Law, 196, 231
Sulzer, William, 161, 165, 211–12
in attack on Tammany, 214–17
direct primaries supported by, 215
governorship of, 211, 214
impeachment of, 216–17, 224, 248
in 1913 election, 219–20
Sunday blue laws, 213, 244
Swallowtail Democrats, 114, 122–23, 125, 126, 135, 137, 151
Sweeny, Peter, 91, 103, 115, 157
Sweet, Thaddeus, 239
Taft, William Howard, 210
Tamanend (Lenni-Lenape chief), 5
Tammany Hall (building), 5, 6, 93, 275, 300
1868 Democratic Convention held at, 84
1917 July 4th celebration at, 247–48, 250
1929 July 4th celebration at, xiii–xvii, 275
1937 July 4th celebration at, 286, 288–90
sale of, 301
Tammany Hall (organization), xiii–xiv, 281
as advocate of immigrants, xxi, 162, 251, 307
African-Americans and, 162–63, 254
Tammany Hall (organization)
alliance of pragmatic reformers and, 203
anti-imperialist position of, 171
anti-monopoly campaign of, 132–38, 140, 143, 181–82
in battle for New York City home rule, 168
in call for unemployment relief, 116, 118
Catholic charities funded by, 158–59
civil-service reform and, 157
clean government disliked by, 187
Cleveland’s enmity toward, 137–38
Clinton feuds with, 6
clubhouse network of, 153–56, 177
corruption and graft by, xviii, xxiv, 55, 306
Croker and,
see
Croker, Richard
Curry as head of,
see
Curry, John
decline of, xvii, 282, 290–95, 305–6
demagoguery of, xxiv
Democratic-Republican Party supported by, 1–2, 6
direct primaries opposed by, 215–16
Dooling as head of, 296
draft exemption payment plan of, 82–83
1817 state election and, 1–4
1828 presidential election and, 8
in 1854 elections, 67–69
in 1894 election, 172
essential services performed by, 154, 155–56
Executive Committee of, 111
and expansion of New York City, 176–77
expansion of voting rights supported by, 6–7, 8
in failed response to Depression, 292–94, 295
Famine immigrants embraced by, 45
FDR and, 237–38, 241–50
founding of, 4–6
General Committee of, 66, 84, 103, 111
get-out-and-vote efforts of, xix
in Gilded Age, 132–44
Hughes’s influence on, 37
idealized world view of, 132–33
immigration restriction opposed by, 252–53
inclusionary policies of, 162–63, 165–66
initial anti-immigrant policy of, 3–4, 7–8, 28
and Irish-American cultural and political framework, xxii–xxiii
as Irish-American power base, xvii, xxiv
Irish-American support for, 90–91
and Irish home-rule movement, 169
and Irish war of independence, 221–24
Italian-Americans and, 147–48, 161–62, 251, 293–94
Jews and, 129–30, 147–48, 154, 161, 251, 293–94
John Kelly and,
see
Kelly, John
Know Nothings attacked by, 66–67, 69–71
labor movement conflicts and, 148, 163–64
La Guardia as enemy of, 290, 291–92, 294, 299, 300
land reform and, 51
legacy of, 289, 302
Lehman and, 281
looting of city treasury by, 91–92
and Manhattan’s declining political influence, 292
moral evils associated with, 72
Murphy and,
see
Murphy, Charles Francis “Silent Charlie”
Native American symbolism adopted by, 5–6
nativism attacked by, 72
in 1901 election, 183–84
in 1912 election, 211
in 1914 elections, 224–25
in 1924 Democratic National Convention, 258
in 1932 election, 274, 283–84
in 1937 mayoral election, 297–99
patronage jobs dispensed by, xviii–xix, xxiv, 51, 73–74, 110–11, 293
pluralistic philosophy of, 188, 251, 253, 270–71
political savvy of, xix–xx, xxiv
in Progressive Era, 46
Progressivism of, 299
public spectacle embraced by, 307
in race to greet Irish exiles, 88–89
radical politics eschewed by, 33
reformers as enemies of, 112, 132, 155, 156–57, 160–61, 166–67, 169, 174–75
reform movement’s alliance with, 238, 240
regulation legislation promoted by, 197, 212
republican principles of, 5–6, 7
saloons as power bases for, 65, 153
Seabury’s investigation of, 275, 278, 279–80, 284
sense of community fostered by, 155, 165–66, 307
as shadow government, 137
social reform agenda of, xxiv, 164–65, 195–203, 211–13, 224, 225–26, 230, 231, 238, 242, 243, 250, 297
as social safety net, xviii, xix
Sulzer’s attack on, 214–17
Swallowtail Democrats desertion of, 123
as symbol of government corruption, xvii–xviii, 157, 247
as technically separate from Tammany Society, 6
temperance movement as enemies of, 64–66, 71–72
transactional politics of, 132, 156–57, 180, 191
Triangle Fire and, 194–95, 202–3, 214, 225, 288
Tweed expelled from, 103, 105
Tweed in,
see
Tweed, William M. “Boss”
Union troops fielded by, 78, 83
urban liberal agenda of, xx, xxiv, 46, 198, 214, 250, 270–71, 302
in voting rights fight, 122–25
Wagner and, 288
women’s suffrage endorsed by, 228
Wood’s split from, 58–59
Tammany Society, 84, 300–301
as separate from Tammany Hall, 6
Tweed as grand sachem of, 84
Tammany Times
, 161
temperance movement, 64–66, 71–72
see also
Prohibition
test oaths, 2, 15
British abolition of, 18
O’Connell’s campaign for abolition of, 9, 12
Thomas, Charles S., 247
Thomas, Norman, 329
n
Thurber, F. B., 134
Tilden, Samuel J., 58, 82, 83, 85, 101, 103, 112
big government opposed by, 114
in 1876 presidential election, 119
Kelly in break with, 119
as New York governor, 117–18
and rehabilitation of Tammany Hall, 107–8, 110, 113, 114
Tilden Commission, 119–20, 121
voting rights amendment to state constitution proposed by, 121–22
Times
(London), 13
Tompkins Square Park, 116
transactional politics, 132, 156–57, 180, 191
Trevelyan, Charles, xxii, 41–43, 53, 58, 315
n
Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire, 194–95, 202–3, 214, 225, 244, 288
Triborough Bridge, 294
Truman, Harry, in 1944 election, 304
Truth Teller
, 24
Tumulty, Joseph, 11, 254, 255, 265–66, 276
Twain, Mark, 133, 185
Tweed, William M. “Boss,” xviii, 89
arrest of, 103
bribes paid by, 86
as champion of Irish-Americans, 62, 91
as congressman, 68–69
corruption conviction of, 103–4, 115
draft exemption payment plan of, 82–83
in 1871 election, 102–3
Tweed, William M. “Boss”
elected New York State senator, 84
elected to Board of Aldermen, 61
in Engine Company 6, 60–61
looting of city treasury by, 91–92, 93, 100, 109
and New York City charter revision, 85–87
New York City draft riots and, 81
as New York State senator, 86
in partnership with Fisk and Gould, 85
personality and appearance of, 60, 61–62
press and, 92–93, 94, 99–100, 102
prison escape of, 105
as public works commissioner, 87
as Tammany sachem, 84
Tammany’s expulsion of, 103, 105
“Two Aldermen from Tyrone,” 133
Tydings, Millard, 266
Tyng, Stephen H., Jr., 128
Ullman, Daniel, 67
Underwood, Oscar, 256–57, 258
unemployment, 115–16, 117, 118, 270, 284, 293
Union Army, Irish-Americans in, 78
Union League, 161
Union Pacific Railroad, 115, 148
unions,
see
labor movement
United Colored Democracy, 254
United Kingdom, 222
Catholic Emancipation campaign in, 9, 13
United Labor Party, 149
United Order of Native Americans, 147
United States, wealth disparity in, xvi, xviii
U.S. Fidelity and Casualty Company, 162
Van Buren, John, 57
Vanderbilt, Cornelius, 85
Vanderbilt family, 134
Van Diemen’s Land, 77
Van Wyck, Robert:
in 1897 mayoral election, 177
as mayor, 180, 181
Victoria, Queen of England, 46–47, 48–49
Villard, Henry, 169
Villard, Oswald Garrison, 193
Voorhis, John R., xv–xvi, 247
voting rights:
in Ireland, 12, 121–22
of Irish Catholics, 12
property ownership and, 6–7, 106–7, 119–25, 321
n
Tammany’s support for expansion of, 6–7, 8
Wadsworth, Charles W., 247
Wadsworth, James, 224
Wagner, Robert F., 195, 196, 197, 198, 200, 212, 213, 214, 225, 226, 236, 238, 243, 248, 275, 283, 302, 316
n
background of, 287
commitment to social justice of, 288
FDR and, 246
La Guardia and, 291
as Murphy’s protégé, 246, 328
n
New Deal and, 286–87, 291
as New York Senate majority leader, 201–2
at 1929 July 4th Tammany celebration, xv
in 1932 election, 283–84
at 1937 July 4th Tammany celebration, 286, 288–90
as social reformer, xvi–xvii
Tammany and, 288
on Tammany’s legacy, 289
as U.S. senator, 271
Wagner, Robert F., Jr., 305–6
Wagner Act (National Labor Relations Act), 287–88
Wagner-Steagall Act, 287, 288
Walker, Francis, 136
Walker, James J., 212, 232, 248, 265, 306
corruption charges against, 275, 278, 279–81
disreputable image of, xv
as New York Senate majority leader, 187–88
at 1929 July 4th Tammany celebration, xiv–xv
in 1929 mayoral election, xiv–xv
resignation of, 281, 292
as social reformer, xiv
Wallace, Henry A., 246, 304
Wallace, Mike, 153
Walsh, Mike, 8–9, 30, 51
ward heelers, patronage power removed from, 110–11
Warner, Richard, 13
Washingtonians, 64
Waterford County, Ireland, 14–17
Welling, Richard, 189–90
Werner, M. A., 196
Western Union, 133
Westminster Review
, 223–24
Whig Party, 22, 23, 28, 36, 54–55, 63, 67
corruption in, 55
in 1841 election, 30–31
White, Andrew D., 106, 170
Whitman, Charles:
governorship of, 224, 225, 279
in 1918 gubernatorial election, 227–29
Whitman, Walt, 21, 32, 45, 107
Whitney, Thomas, 69, 70
wholesalers, anti-monopoly campaign of, 133
Wickham, William, 131
elected mayor, 117
William III, King of England, 79, 94, 97
Wilson, Woodrow, 181, 207, 210, 218, 234, 245, 246, 250
“hyphenated Americanism” attacked by, 221, 252
in 1912 election, 210
and U.S. neutrality, 220–21
Wise, Stephen, 253
Wissig, Philip, 164
WNYC, xv
women, labor laws and, 243
women’s suffrage, New York State passage of, 228
Women’s Trade Union League, 49
Wood, Charles, 42
Wood, Fernando, 53–54, 116, 163, 317
n
corruption of, 55
demagoguery of, 57
government assistance for poor championed by, 56–57, 58
Irish-American support for, 56–57, 58–59
patronage jobs dispensed by, 56
as Peace Democrat, 78–79
in refusal to enforce temperance bill, 72
as secret Know Nothing, 55
as Southern sympathizer, 55, 58, 72
in split with Tammany, 58–59
Woodhull, Caleb S., 55
Woolsey, Theodore Dwight, 120–21
WOR, xv
workers’ compensation, 196, 261
workers’ compensation bill, 211–12, 224
workhouses, 43
Workingmen’s Party, 8
workweek reform, 242, 243, 244, 245, 327
n
World War I, 231
U.S. entry into, 226
U.S. neutrality in, 220–21
World War II, 253, 300
W. R. Grace & Company, 126–27
Wyse, Thomas, 14–16, 17, 154
pragmatism of, 19
Yeats, William Butler, 200
yellow journalism, 193
Yellow Kid
, 193
Young Ireland, 44
Young, Joseph, 183
Blessed with a golden voice and a theatrical presence, Daniel O’Connell created a new kind of mass politics in Ireland, articulating the grievances of the island’s Catholic majority and mobilizing the vote with a disciplined political organization. (
Bettmann/Corbis
)
