Madness: A Brief History (22 page)

For the psychopharmacological revolution, see David Healy,
The Antidepressant Era
(Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1997) and Peter D. Kramer,
Listening to Prozac
(London: Fourth Estate, 1994). Sargant’s prediction is in
The Unquiet Mind. The Autobiography of a Physician in Psychological Medicine
(London: Heinemann, 1967).

The entertaining tale of
DSM
is told in H. Kutchins and S. A. Kirk,
Making Us Crazy: The Psychiatric Bible and the Creation of Mental Disorders
(New York: Free Press, 1997).

Numbers in
italic
indicate illustrations

Adair, James Makittrick 85-6 Adler, Alfred 196-7 alcoholism 148-9 alienists
40,
141,
153
Alzheimer, Alois (1864-1915)

¹⁸
5
^-6

anti-psychiatry 207-12;
see also
psychiatry art;
see also
creativity/creative genius;

representations of insanity in asylums 177-8 diagnostic tool
181
modern, as

psychopathological

¹
79
^-80
neuroses, product of
82
art of the insane

Contradiction: Oberon and

Titania
(Dadd)
178
The Fairy Feller’s Master-Stroke
(Dadd)
178
asylums 96,
111,
139;
see also
control/regulation of the insane;

treatments/ therapies; under name

absolutism, as product of

9
^2-
4 America 110-12 care in 99-100
, 102
, 120,

¹
57
^-6
°
>
¹⁶
9
design of 116-17
,
^x
34>

178

as dustbins for the hopeless

118-20 early 90-2, 97
-8
England 94-5
, 97,
98,
102,

104,
113,
114,
120;
see also
Bethlem Hospital growth of 94-5, 112
-15
investigations & reforms
97,

99-100
, 104,
107
-8,
108-12
, 117,
204
Madhouse Act (1774) 108-9

writings on
160,
168,
204
patients 116-17;
see also
writings of the mad

private 95-8 restraints, use of
101,

105,
112-14,
120,

¹
7
¹

as therapeutic 100-8
, 134

Battie, William (1704-1776)

100-2

Bayle, Antoine Laurent
⁽¹
799
^-18
5
⁸⁾

¹
35
^-6

Beard, George (1839-1883)

151 -2

Bedlam;
see
Bethlem Hospital Beers, Clifford (6.1876) 168-72 Bethlem Hospital
64,
70-4,
71,
97,
164-6;
see also
asylums, England; asylums, investigations & reforms brutalizing
107,
117,
160
founding of
90
bipolar disorders
48,
135
Boerhaave, Herman

(1668-1738)
125
Breuer, Josef (1842-1925) 188-9
, 191
A Briefe Discourse of a Disease Called the Suffocation of the Mother
(J orden)

27

Cerletti, Ugo (1877-1963)

202

Charcot, Jean-Martin

⁽¹⁸
25
^-18
93
^{) 1}
3
^6-
9>
138,
187-8 Chiarugi, Vicenzo

(1759-1820)
104,

¹
3
⁰
>
3 classification

of mental disorders
132,

¹
35>
¹⁸
4
^-
5 of neurological disorders

¹
3
^6-
7

communicating with the mad 156-62;
see also
writings of the mad control/regulation of the insane;
see also
asylums certification (sectioning)

¹⁰
9

in Christian Europe
90
in Classical times
89
confinement & segregation;
see
asylums creativity/creative genius

⁸
2
^-
3 Blake, William

(1757-1827) 80-1 madness and inspiration
67,
80
and mental state 78-82

Cullen, William

(1710-1790)

127-8

Dadd, Richard
178
Darwin, Erasmus

(1731-1802) 30-1 degenerationism 119-20,

¹
35>
¹
47
^-
5
¹
>
 
¹
5
²
>
186-7 dementia
133,
134-5
dementia praecox
184-5 Descartes, René 56-7,
58
drugs;
see
therapies/ treatments, psychopharmacology Duchenne’s disease
136

The English Malady
(Cheyne)

83-5

epilepsy (the Sacred Disease) 15-16,
18,
183
Esquirol, Jean-Etienne Dominique
⁽¹
772
^-18
4
^{0) 1}
34
^-
5

Feuchtersleben, Ernst von (1806-1849)
141
Fliess, Wilhelm (1858-1928)
28,
189,
190,
192
Foucault, Michel (1926-1984)
Madness and Civilization

⁽¹
9
⁶¹⁾
3>
4
^-
7

on confinement of the mad

9
^2-
3>
94
Freud, Anna (1895-1982)

161,
198
Freud, Sigmund (1856-1939)
14,
28,
88,
184,
187
art as product of neuroses
82

background
188
Charcot, influence of
189
degenerationism, criticism of
186
hysteria, seduction theory of 189-90
^le
g
^ac
y
193

Oedipus complex (theory of hysteria) 190-1 psychoanalysis, theory of debated
191,
198
development of
191 ,
i9
^2-
3 response to 196-9 on religion
32
Freudians
196,
198-9;
see also
under name

Gall, Franz Joseph

(1758-1828)
141,
142,
143
general paresis of the insane

^(GPI)
i35
^-6,
1
33
George III,
king of Great Britain
(1738-1820)
74,

86,
102,
103,
129,

154

Glover, Mary, case of 26-7 Greek medicine (holistic) 36-7;
see also
medicalization of insanity Aretaeus of Cappadocia

(c.
150-200AD) 45-8 Aristotle
35,
38
clinical practice 43-5 Hippocrates (c.460-

357
^{Bc) 1}
5
^-16
humoral theory 37-8,

39
^,
4
^0,
4
^2-
3 humoral balance 40-2 therapies for the mad 48-9 Greek philosophy

humanizes madness
34
Plato (C.428-C.348BC) 35-6,
66,
89

Griesinger, Wilhelm 144-5,

¹
49

Haslam, John 165-6 Heberden, William

(1710-1801) 60-1 Heinroth, Johann Christian

August (1773-1843) 140-1

heredity & insanity;
see

degenerationism

Hobbes, Thomas

⁽¹
5
^88-16
79
⁾
59
Hoffman, Friedrich

(1660-1742)
30,

125
^-6

Hunter, Richard & MacAlpine,
^Ida
3
^-
4, i5
^6-
7 hypochondria
85,
87
hysteria 60-1 ,
87
Freud on 189-91 as a neurological disorder
¹
39

the insane
20,
121, 133
accounts by;
see
writings of the mad appearance of
64,
65,
133
mental disorders, not confined to
199
silencing of;
see
asylums as spectacle 70-4 stereotyping of 66-7, 87-8;
see also

representations of insanity stigmatization of 62-3,

93

insanity plea 154-5
The Interpretation of Dreams
(Freud)
192

Janet, Pierre (1859-1947)

¹
9
⁶

Jorden, Edward (1569-1632)
26,
27

^Jun
g, C
^ar
l
⁽ⁱ⁸
75
^-i
9
⁶ⁱ⁾

¹
94
^-
5

Kempe, Margery
(b.
c. 1373)
¹
73
^-
7

Kraepelin, Emil (1856-1926) 184-5
, 186
Krafft-Ebing, Richard von

(1840-1902)
139,
^
*5
⁰

Lacan, Jacques 195-6 leucotomies/lobotomies (psychosurgery)

202 -5

Locke, John (1632-1704)
32,

59
^-6
0
¹
27
Lombroso, Cesare

⁽¹⁸
3
^6-1
9
⁰
9
^)
8l,
151,
180
pathography of the insane
¹
7
^8-
9

manias
45,
47,
49,
121,
124,
*33

manic-depressive illness;
see
bipolar disorders
The Manufacture of Madness
(Szasz) 1-2 Matthews, James Tilley 162-6,

¹
77
^-8

Maudsley, Henry
148,
184,
186
medicalization of insanity
76;
see also
Greek medicine (holistic) Meduna, Ladislaus Joseph von
202

Mead, Richard (1673-1754)

30
¹
25
melancholy 44, 45-6,
49,
84,

¹
^
¹
33 Anatomy of Melancholy

(Burton)
19,
46,
52
^
^68,
%
7
⁰
disorder of the elite 83-5
Melancholia
(Dürer)
44 Treatise of Melancholie
(Bright)
52
Mental Maladies
(Esquirol)

¹
34

Mental Hygiene Movement

172

Mercier, Charles 197-8 Metcalf, Urbane
161
Meynert, Theodor

⁽¹⁸
33
^-18
92
^{) 1}
45
^-6,
1
49

A Mind That Found Itself

(Beers)
168,
172
misogyny
151

role in diagnosis
28
Mitchell, Silas Weir

(1829-1914)
152
M’Naghten Rules (1844)
155

Môbius, Paul (1854-1907)

¹
49
^-
5
¹
models of madness

medieval & Renaissance

(humoral) 49-53;
see also
Greek medicine (holistic) psychological 127-32,

134,
¹
4
^0-1
Descartes 56-8, 60-1 materialists 59-60 psychological/somatic
141 ;

see also
phrenology somatic (physical)
27,

7
^6-
7,
¹
43
^-
7 degenerationism

¹¹
9
^-
2
⁰
,
¹
35,

¹
47
^-
5
¹
> 
¹
5
²
>

186-7

neuropathology 124-6,

¹
34>
¹
3
^6-8
supernatural

in early civilizations
^10-1
5, 47
^-8
in Christianity

diabolic possession
10,

¹
7
^-1
9, 2
^1-
7
, 3
⁰
,
3
¹
religious enthusiasm

28 -9

Monros, of Bethlem Hospital
97,
107,
166
The Myth of Mental Illness: Foundations of a

Theory of Personal Conduct
(Szasz) 1 -2

nervous maladies exclusive to refined

temperaments 85-6 fashion for 85-7 feminisation of 87-8 neurasthenia
87,
151-2,

201

Oedipus Complex
14,
190-1

Pinel, Philippe (1745-1826) 104-5,
106,
130-2 Platter, Felix (1536-1614)

5°
^-2
> 5
¹
protest of the insane
167
psyche
14,
35,
187-8 psychiatrists
154,
186
psychiatry 1-2,
4,
8
, 140,
183;
see also
antipsychiatry; Freud, psychoanalysis clinical
129,
135-9 dynamic 187-8
, 194
French 134-9 German 139-47 journals & professional

bodies
116,
153-4 Nazi 186-7 ubiquity of psychiatric

disorders 199-200

Psychopathia Sexualis
(Krafft-Ebing)
149

Reil, Johann Christian

⁽¹
759
^-181
3
^)
1
4
⁰
representations of insanity;
see also
the insane, stereotyping of