Malcolm X (97 page)
Authors: Manning Marable
206
By 1960, 468,000 blacks resided in Los Angeles County.
On the economic conditions of blacks in Los Angeles, see Josh Sides,
L.A. City Limits: African American Los Angeles from the Great Depression to the Present
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003). The best study documenting the socioeconomic and political factors leading up to the 1965 Watts riots in South Central Los Angeles is Gerald Horne,
Fire This Time: The Watts Uprising and the 1960s
(Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 1995).
By 1960, 468,000 blacks resided in Los Angeles County.
On the economic conditions of blacks in Los Angeles, see Josh Sides,
L.A. City Limits: African American Los Angeles from the Great Depression to the Present
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003). The best study documenting the socioeconomic and political factors leading up to the 1965 Watts riots in South Central Los Angeles is Gerald Horne,
Fire This Time: The Watts Uprising and the 1960s
(Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 1995).
206
to settle a local factional dispute.
Frederick Knight, “Justifiable Homicide, Police Brutality, or Governmental Repression? The 1962 Los Angeles Police Shooting of Seven Members of the Nation of Islam,”
Journal of Negro History
, vol. 79, no. 2 (Spring 1974), pp. 182-96.
to settle a local factional dispute.
Frederick Knight, “Justifiable Homicide, Police Brutality, or Governmental Repression? The 1962 Los Angeles Police Shooting of Seven Members of the Nation of Islam,”
Journal of Negro History
, vol. 79, no. 2 (Spring 1974), pp. 182-96.
206
“violence or any other means.”
Ibid.
“violence or any other means.”
Ibid.
206
acquitted the Muslims on all charges.
Ibid.; and “Study Shows Los Angeles Police Were Investigating Muslims at Time of Riot,”
Amsterdam News
, May 12, 1962.
acquitted the Muslims on all charges.
Ibid.; and “Study Shows Los Angeles Police Were Investigating Muslims at Time of Riot,”
Amsterdam News
, May 12, 1962.
207
mosque, they approached with suspicion.
Knight, “Justifiable Homicide, Police Brutality, or Governmental Repression?” pp. 12-196; and DeCaro,
On the Side of My People
, p. 184.
mosque, they approached with suspicion.
Knight, “Justifiable Homicide, Police Brutality, or Governmental Repression?” pp. 12-196; and DeCaro,
On the Side of My People
, p. 184.
207
“that Stokes’s death was ‘justifiable.’”
Goldman,
The Death and Life of Malcolm X
, p. 97.
“that Stokes’s death was ‘justifiable.’”
Goldman,
The Death and Life of Malcolm X
, p. 97.
207
“What the
hell
are you here for?”
Ibid., pp. 97-98.
“What the
hell
are you here for?”
Ibid., pp. 97-98.
207
“came out of the street with gangster leanings.”
Louis Farrakhan interview, December 27, 2007.
“came out of the street with gangster leanings.”
Louis Farrakhan interview, December 27, 2007.
208
“Brothers volunteered for it.”
James 67X Warden interview, June 18, 2003.
“Brothers volunteered for it.”
James 67X Warden interview, June 18, 2003.
208
“rather than go out with the struggle of our people.”
Louis Farrakhan interview, December 27, 2007.
“rather than go out with the struggle of our people.”
Louis Farrakhan interview, December 27, 2007.
208
“You’re black—that’s enough.”
MX FBI, Summary Report, New York Office, November 16, 1962, pp. 17-18; and “Conduct Rites for California Black Muslim Riot Victim,”
Chicago Defender
, May 7, 1962.
“You’re black—that’s enough.”
MX FBI, Summary Report, New York Office, November 16, 1962, pp. 17-18; and “Conduct Rites for California Black Muslim Riot Victim,”
Chicago Defender
, May 7, 1962.
209
“of the followers of the Honorable Elijah.”
Louis Farrakhan interview, December 27, 2007.
“of the followers of the Honorable Elijah.”
Louis Farrakhan interview, December 27, 2007.
209
“an aggressor to come into their mosque.”
Clegg,
An Original Man
, p. 171.
“an aggressor to come into their mosque.”
Clegg,
An Original Man
, p. 171.
209
Roland Stokes submitted and was killed.
James 67X Warden interview, June 18, 2003.
Roland Stokes submitted and was killed.
James 67X Warden interview, June 18, 2003.
209
“It would have been a trap.”
Goldman,
The Death and Life of Malcolm X
, p. 98.
“It would have been a trap.”
Goldman,
The Death and Life of Malcolm X
, p. 98.
211
“any black person anywhere on this earth.”
Knight, “Justifiable Homicide, Police Brutality, or Governmental Repression?,” p. 190.
“any black person anywhere on this earth.”
Knight, “Justifiable Homicide, Police Brutality, or Governmental Repression?,” p. 190.
211
in front of the Hotel Theresa.
“Malcolm X Heads Rally Sunday,”
Amsterdam News
, May 26, 1962; FBI—Gravitt, Summary Report, New York Office, January 11, 1963; and FBI—Phillips, Summary Report, New York Office, March 21, 1963.
in front of the Hotel Theresa.
“Malcolm X Heads Rally Sunday,”
Amsterdam News
, May 26, 1962; FBI—Gravitt, Summary Report, New York Office, January 11, 1963; and FBI—Phillips, Summary Report, New York Office, March 21, 1963.
212
“a
religious
solution will fit the problem of Police Brutality.”
Minister John Shabazz to Brother Minister, June 1, 1962, MXC-S, box 12, folder 1.
“a
religious
solution will fit the problem of Police Brutality.”
Minister John Shabazz to Brother Minister, June 1, 1962, MXC-S, box 12, folder 1.
212
“call on our God—He gets rid of 120 of them.”
Jack V. Fox, “Negro Leaders Lambaste Malcolm X's Delight in Death of Atlanta Whites,”
Chicago Defender
, July 14, 1962. Also see Clegg,
An Original Man
, p. 201.
“call on our God—He gets rid of 120 of them.”
Jack V. Fox, “Negro Leaders Lambaste Malcolm X's Delight in Death of Atlanta Whites,”
Chicago Defender
, July 14, 1962. Also see Clegg,
An Original Man
, p. 201.
212
“developed into a large-scale hatred of whites.”
Fox, “Negro Leaders Lambaste Malcolm X’s Delight in Death of Atlanta Whites.”
“developed into a large-scale hatred of whites.”
Fox, “Negro Leaders Lambaste Malcolm X’s Delight in Death of Atlanta Whites.”
212
“fanatical” and “anti-white organization.”
MX FBI, Memo, Director to French Legal Attaché, August 8, 1962.
“fanatical” and “anti-white organization.”
MX FBI, Memo, Director to French Legal Attaché, August 8, 1962.
213
“word ‘freedom' out of your vocabulary.”
Wallace Turner, “Militancy Urged on U.S. Negroes,”
New York Times
, November 26, 1962.
“word ‘freedom' out of your vocabulary.”
Wallace Turner, “Militancy Urged on U.S. Negroes,”
New York Times
, November 26, 1962.
213
“would be eliminated from the mosque.”
MX FBI, Summary Report, New York Office, November 16, 1962, p. 8; FBI—Gravitt, Summary Report, New York Office, January 11, 1963; and FBI—Sharrieff, Summary Report, Chicago Office, February 12, 1963.
“would be eliminated from the mosque.”
MX FBI, Summary Report, New York Office, November 16, 1962, p. 8; FBI—Gravitt, Summary Report, New York Office, January 11, 1963; and FBI—Sharrieff, Summary Report, Chicago Office, February 12, 1963.
215
“self-defense is granted throughout the world.”
FBI—Gravitt, Summary Report, New York Office, January 11, 1963.
“self-defense is granted throughout the world.”
FBI—Gravitt, Summary Report, New York Office, January 11, 1963.
216
moved toward these ideas long before Chicago.
“Muhammad Asks for Black State, Tax Exemptions,”
Chicago Defender
, July 16, 1962; FBI—Gravitt, Summary Report, New York Office, January 11, 1963; and FBI—Sharrieff, Summary Report, Chicago Office, February 12, 1963.
moved toward these ideas long before Chicago.
“Muhammad Asks for Black State, Tax Exemptions,”
Chicago Defender
, July 16, 1962; FBI—Gravitt, Summary Report, New York Office, January 11, 1963; and FBI—Sharrieff, Summary Report, Chicago Office, February 12, 1963.
216
“coming at the cadenced pauses in his oratory.”
H. D. Quigg, “2,000 Jam Harlem Square to Hear Muslim Leaders Extol Their Cause,”
Chicago Defender
, July 24, 1962; and FBI—Gravitt, Summary Report, New York Office, January 11, 1963.
“coming at the cadenced pauses in his oratory.”
H. D. Quigg, “2,000 Jam Harlem Square to Hear Muslim Leaders Extol Their Cause,”
Chicago Defender
, July 24, 1962; and FBI—Gravitt, Summary Report, New York Office, January 11, 1963.
216
Malcolm’s old sparring partner Bayard Rustin.
“2,500 at Moslem Rally,”
Amsterdam News
, July 28, 1962.
Malcolm’s old sparring partner Bayard Rustin.
“2,500 at Moslem Rally,”
Amsterdam News
, July 28, 1962.
217
the feminized Arabic version of Elijah.
Rickford,
Betty Shabazz
, p. 123; and Clegg,
An Original Man
, pp. 180-81.
the feminized Arabic version of Elijah.
Rickford,
Betty Shabazz
, p. 123; and Clegg,
An Original Man
, pp. 180-81.
217
Malcolm even briefly addressed the strikers.
MX FBI, Summary Report, New York Office, November 16, 1962, p. 23; and MX FBI, Correlation Summary, New York Office, September 25, 1963, p. 17.
Malcolm even briefly addressed the strikers.
MX FBI, Summary Report, New York Office, November 16, 1962, p. 23; and MX FBI, Correlation Summary, New York Office, September 25, 1963, p. 17.
217
hopes of prompting a federal investigation of the NOI
. Taylor Branch,
Pillar of Fire
(New York: Touchstone, 1998), p. 12.
hopes of prompting a federal investigation of the NOI
. Taylor Branch,
Pillar of Fire
(New York: Touchstone, 1998), p. 12.
217
“be a Nazi than whatever Mr. Yorty is.”
“Mayor Yorty Says Cult Backs ‘Hate,’”
New York Times
, July 27, 1962.
“be a Nazi than whatever Mr. Yorty is.”
“Mayor Yorty Says Cult Backs ‘Hate,’”
New York Times
, July 27, 1962.
217
prominent role in determining the course of the case.
Branch,
Pillar of Fire
, pp. 10-11.
prominent role in determining the course of the case.
Branch,
Pillar of Fire
, pp. 10-11.
217
“impaneled jury because of the lack of sufficient numbers of Negroes.”
MX FBI, Summary Report, New York Office, November 16, 1962, p. 19.
“impaneled jury because of the lack of sufficient numbers of Negroes.”
MX FBI, Summary Report, New York Office, November 16, 1962, p. 19.
218
except to cancel all his remaining college appearances.
Ibid., p. 24.
except to cancel all his remaining college appearances.
Ibid., p. 24.
218
“and the sort of Ivy League suit (and bald head).”
Peter Goldman interview, July 12, 2004.
“and the sort of Ivy League suit (and bald head).”
Peter Goldman interview, July 12, 2004.
218
it also earned him Malcolm’s attention.
See Peter Goldman, “Black Muslims Fail to Flourish Here,”
St. Louis Globe-Democrat
, January 2, 1962.
it also earned him Malcolm’s attention.
See Peter Goldman, “Black Muslims Fail to Flourish Here,”
St. Louis Globe-Democrat
, January 2, 1962.
218
“understand the Nation of Islam?”
Peter Goldman interview, July 12, 2004.
“understand the Nation of Islam?”
Peter Goldman interview, July 12, 2004.
219
“moment you saw him, [you felt] this incredible presence.”
Ibid.
“moment you saw him, [you felt] this incredible presence.”
Ibid.
219
Louis X's “A White Man’s Heaven Is a Black Man’s Hell.”
Goldman,
The Death and Life of Malcolm X
, p. 6.
Louis X's “A White Man’s Heaven Is a Black Man’s Hell.”
Goldman,
The Death and Life of Malcolm X
, p. 6.
219
“device for disarming the blacks and, worse still, unmanning them.”
Ibid.
“device for disarming the blacks and, worse still, unmanning them.”
Ibid.
219
still believing “the threat was useful.”
Peter Goldman interview, July 12, 2004.
still believing “the threat was useful.”
Peter Goldman interview, July 12, 2004.
220
years of covert surveillance, but all of it unattributed.
Marable,
Living Black History
, p. 150.
years of covert surveillance, but all of it unattributed.
Marable,
Living Black History
, p. 150.
221
“So it began eating away at [my] brother.”
Louis Farrakhan interview, December 27, 2007.
“So it began eating away at [my] brother.”
Louis Farrakhan interview, December 27, 2007.
221
University of Bridgeport because of “throat trouble.”
MX FBI, Summary Report, New York Office, November 16, 1962, p. 24.
University of Bridgeport because of “throat trouble.”
MX FBI, Summary Report, New York Office, November 16, 1962, p. 24.
221
also found employment as a building supervisor.
FBI—Goodman, Summary Report, New York Office, September 8, 1960.
also found employment as a building supervisor.
FBI—Goodman, Summary Report, New York Office, September 8, 1960.
221
a “specialist in Islamic literature and history.”
Ibid., October 27, 1961.
a “specialist in Islamic literature and history.”
Ibid., October 27, 1961.
221
to establish an NOI mosque in Bridgeport, Connecticut.
Ibid., October 17, 1962.
to establish an NOI mosque in Bridgeport, Connecticut.
Ibid., October 17, 1962.
222
that year was named the mosque’s “main speaker.”
Ibid.
that year was named the mosque’s “main speaker.”
Ibid.
222
“Not in the buddy sense. He was always in
command
.ʺ
Goldman,
The Death and Life of Malcolm X
, p. 19.
“Not in the buddy sense. He was always in
command
.ʺ
Goldman,
The Death and Life of Malcolm X
, p. 19.
222
“If you leave again, I’m not coming after you.”
Rickford,
Betty Shabazz
, pp. 105-6.
“If you leave again, I’m not coming after you.”
Rickford,
Betty Shabazz
, pp. 105-6.
222
“that I would defend him. . . . It was a good place for Betty to be.”
Louis Farrakhan interview, December 27, 2007.
“that I would defend him. . . . It was a good place for Betty to be.”
Louis Farrakhan interview, December 27, 2007.
223
“get to the grade school level in Mississippi.”
Goldman,
The Death and Life of Malcolm X
, pp. 8, 96.
“get to the grade school level in Mississippi.”
Goldman,
The Death and Life of Malcolm X
, pp. 8, 96.
223
he would punch him “right in the mouth.”
FBI—Gravitt, Summary Report, New York Office, January 11, 1963.
he would punch him “right in the mouth.”
FBI—Gravitt, Summary Report, New York Office, January 11, 1963.
224
among those who “suffer” from a “colonial mentality.”
Malcolm X to the Editor, “What
Courier
Readers Think: Muslim vs. Moslem!,”
Pittsburgh Courier
, October 6, 1962; and Travel Diaries (Transcription): Middle East and West Africa, April-May 1964, MXC-S, box 5, folder 18.
among those who “suffer” from a “colonial mentality.”
Malcolm X to the Editor, “What
Courier
Readers Think: Muslim vs. Moslem!,”
Pittsburgh Courier
, October 6, 1962; and Travel Diaries (Transcription): Middle East and West Africa, April-May 1964, MXC-S, box 5, folder 18.
224
“that they are being led straight to Hell.”
Yahya Hayari to the Editor, “What
Courier
Readers Think: A Blast at Muhammad,”
Pittsburgh Courier
, October 27, 1962.
“that they are being led straight to Hell.”
Yahya Hayari to the Editor, “What
Courier
Readers Think: A Blast at Muhammad,”
Pittsburgh Courier
, October 27, 1962.
224
“from the evils of this Christian world overnight.”
Malcolm X to the Editor,
“Amsterdam News
Readers Write,”
Amsterdam News
, November 24, 1962; and Edward Curtis, IV, “Islamism and Its African American Muslim Critics: Black Muslims in the Era of the Arab Cold War,”
American Quarterly
, vol. 59, no. 3 (September 2007), pp. 88-89.
“from the evils of this Christian world overnight.”
Malcolm X to the Editor,
“Amsterdam News
Readers Write,”
Amsterdam News
, November 24, 1962; and Edward Curtis, IV, “Islamism and Its African American Muslim Critics: Black Muslims in the Era of the Arab Cold War,”
American Quarterly
, vol. 59, no. 3 (September 2007), pp. 88-89.
224
literature and asked Osman for more.
DeCaro,
On the Side of My People
, pp. 201-2; and Curtis, “Islamism and Its African American Critics,” p. 90.
literature and asked Osman for more.
DeCaro,
On the Side of My People
, pp. 201-2; and Curtis, “Islamism and Its African American Critics,” p. 90.
224
“Christians call him Christ, Jews call him Jehovah.”
Ibid., p. 159.
“Christians call him Christ, Jews call him Jehovah.”
Ibid., p. 159.
225
Malcolm, upset, left in a waiting automobile.
Ibid., pp. 159-60.
Malcolm, upset, left in a waiting automobile.
Ibid., pp. 159-60.
225
all the way from Louisville to hear Elijah Muhammad speak.
There is a massive literature about Muhammad Ali (Cassius Clay). For a general introduction to the subject, see: David Remnick,
King of the World: Muhammad Ali and the Rise of an American Hero
(New York: Random House, 1998); John Miller and Aaron Kenedi, eds.,
Muhammad Ali: Ringside
(Boston: Bullfinch, 1999); Anthony O. Edmonds,
Muhammad Ali: A Biography
(Westport, CT: Greenwood, 2006); and Mike Marqusee,
Redemption Song: Muhammad Ali and the Spirit of the Sixties
(New York: Verso, 1999).
all the way from Louisville to hear Elijah Muhammad speak.
There is a massive literature about Muhammad Ali (Cassius Clay). For a general introduction to the subject, see: David Remnick,
King of the World: Muhammad Ali and the Rise of an American Hero
(New York: Random House, 1998); John Miller and Aaron Kenedi, eds.,
Muhammad Ali: Ringside
(Boston: Bullfinch, 1999); Anthony O. Edmonds,
Muhammad Ali: A Biography
(Westport, CT: Greenwood, 2006); and Mike Marqusee,
Redemption Song: Muhammad Ali and the Spirit of the Sixties
(New York: Verso, 1999).
226 “
I said to myself, listen, this man’s
saying
something!ʺ
Interview with Muhammad Ali by Alex Haley, in Miller and Kenedi, eds.,
Muhammad Ali: Ringside
, pp. 39, 42.
I said to myself, listen, this man’s
saying
something!ʺ
Interview with Muhammad Ali by Alex Haley, in Miller and Kenedi, eds.,
Muhammad Ali: Ringside
, pp. 39, 42.
226
“the first time I ever felt spiritual in my life.”
Edmonds,
Muhammad Ali
, p. 37.
“the first time I ever felt spiritual in my life.”
Edmonds,
Muhammad Ali
, p. 37.
226
“down-to-earth youngster,” as he later related.
Remnick,
King of the World
, p. 165.
“down-to-earth youngster,” as he later related.
Remnick,
King of the World
, p. 165.
227
“It certainly rubbed off on Ali.”
Ibid.
“It certainly rubbed off on Ali.”
Ibid.
227
fund-raising drive and teaching classes for two weeks.
MX FBI, Summary Report, New York Office, May 17, 1962, p. 11.
fund-raising drive and teaching classes for two weeks.
MX FBI, Summary Report, New York Office, May 17, 1962, p. 11.
227
priest of black cultural nationalism, known as Maulana Karenga.
“Racial Militancy and Pride Urged at West Coast Rally,”
Chicago Defender
, November 28, 1962.
priest of black cultural nationalism, known as Maulana Karenga.
“Racial Militancy and Pride Urged at West Coast Rally,”
Chicago Defender
, November 28, 1962.
227
“punctuated the statements made by Malcolm X.”
Wallace Turner, “Militancy Urged on U.S. Negroes,”
New York Times
, November 26, 1962.
“punctuated the statements made by Malcolm X.”
Wallace Turner, “Militancy Urged on U.S. Negroes,”
New York Times
, November 26, 1962.
228
“the white man. We must solve it for ourselves.”
Ibid.; Robin D. G. Kelley and Betsy Esch, “Black Like Mao: Red China and Black Revolution,”
Souls
, vol. 1, no. 4 (Fall 1999), pp. 6-41.
“the white man. We must solve it for ourselves.”
Ibid.; Robin D. G. Kelley and Betsy Esch, “Black Like Mao: Red China and Black Revolution,”
Souls
, vol. 1, no. 4 (Fall 1999), pp. 6-41.
228
while selling
Muhammad Speaks
in Times Square
. DeCaro,
On the Side of My People
, p. 185; and “Jail Term,”
Militant
(New York), February 4, 1963.
while selling
Muhammad Speaks
in Times Square
. DeCaro,
On the Side of My People
, p. 185; and “Jail Term,”
Militant
(New York), February 4, 1963.
228
to court, but he could not condone cowardice.
FBI—Gravitt, Summary Report, New York Office, January 27, 1964.
to court, but he could not condone cowardice.
FBI—Gravitt, Summary Report, New York Office, January 27, 1964.
228
suppression of press freedom, and “the freedom of religious expression.”
Telegram, Malcolm X to Mayor Robert Wagner, New York City, January 2, 1963, MXC-S, box 5, folder 18.
suppression of press freedom, and “the freedom of religious expression.”
Telegram, Malcolm X to Mayor Robert Wagner, New York City, January 2, 1963, MXC-S, box 5, folder 18.
228
he told the press, before filing formal complaints.
“Muslims Protest Rights Violation by Police,”
Chicago Defender
, January 10, 1963; “Rights Violated,”
Democrat and Chronicle
(Rochester, NY), January 8, 1963; “Muslim Assails,”
Democrat and Chronicle
, February 15, 1963; and DeCaro,
On the Side of My People
, p. 185.
he told the press, before filing formal complaints.
“Muslims Protest Rights Violation by Police,”
Chicago Defender
, January 10, 1963; “Rights Violated,”
Democrat and Chronicle
(Rochester, NY), January 8, 1963; “Muslim Assails,”
Democrat and Chronicle
, February 15, 1963; and DeCaro,
On the Side of My People
, p. 185.
228
“that the
whole Dark World is with them
.ʺ
DeCaro,
On the Side of My People
, p. 185.
“that the
whole Dark World is with them
.ʺ
DeCaro,
On the Side of My People
, p. 185.
228
“tired of hearing about Muslims being pistol-whipped.”
FBI—Gravitt, Summary Report, New York Office, January 27, 1964.
“tired of hearing about Muslims being pistol-whipped.”
FBI—Gravitt, Summary Report, New York Office, January 27, 1964.
229
newspaper salesmen were sentenced to sixty days in jail.
See
Muhammad Speaks
, February 4, 1963; and
Militant
, February 4, 1963.
newspaper salesmen were sentenced to sixty days in jail.
See
Muhammad Speaks
, February 4, 1963; and
Militant
, February 4, 1963.
229
“for a wind to come along and fan the breeze.”
Malcolm X address, “Twenty Million Black People in a Political, Economic and Mental Prison,” in Bruce Perry, ed.,
Malcolm X: The Last Speeches
(New York: Pathfinder, 1989), pp. 25-57.
“for a wind to come along and fan the breeze.”
Malcolm X address, “Twenty Million Black People in a Political, Economic and Mental Prison,” in Bruce Perry, ed.,
Malcolm X: The Last Speeches
(New York: Pathfinder, 1989), pp. 25-57.
229
“or accomplishment that black people want.”
Ibid.
“or accomplishment that black people want.”
Ibid.
229
“They usually go and use the economic weapon.”
Ibid. Also see “Muslim Leader Asks Negro Nation in U.S.,ʺ
Chicago Defender
, January 26, 1963.
“They usually go and use the economic weapon.”
Ibid. Also see “Muslim Leader Asks Negro Nation in U.S.,ʺ
Chicago Defender
, January 26, 1963.
230
“if the Negro could ‘speak as an American.’”
“Meredith, Gantt Entries ‘Hypocritical’: Malcolm X,ʺ
Chicago Defender
, January 31, 1963.
“if the Negro could ‘speak as an American.’”
“Meredith, Gantt Entries ‘Hypocritical’: Malcolm X,ʺ
Chicago Defender
, January 31, 1963.
230
plan for a separate black state inside the United States.
MX FBI, Memo, New York Office, May 6, 1963.
plan for a separate black state inside the United States.
MX FBI, Memo, New York Office, May 6, 1963.
230
his responsibility. No one was arrested.
DeCaro,
On the Side of My People
, p. 185; and MX FBI, Summary Report, New York Office, May 16, 1963, p. 19.
his responsibility. No one was arrested.
DeCaro,
On the Side of My People
, p. 185; and MX FBI, Summary Report, New York Office, May 16, 1963, p. 19.
231
for their bail had been forwarded by Elijah Muhammad.
MX FBI, Summary, New York Office, May 16, 1963, pp. 18-20.
for their bail had been forwarded by Elijah Muhammad.
MX FBI, Summary, New York Office, May 16, 1963, pp. 18-20.
231
hundreds of protesters down affluent midtown Manhattan streets.
Ibid.
hundreds of protesters down affluent midtown Manhattan streets.
Ibid.
231
“denied the leadership if he wants it.”
Alfred Balk and Alex Haley, “Black Merchants of Hate,”
Saturday Evening Post
, vol. 236 (January 26, 1963), pp. 67-74.
“denied the leadership if he wants it.”
Alfred Balk and Alex Haley, “Black Merchants of Hate,”
Saturday Evening Post
, vol. 236 (January 26, 1963), pp. 67-74.
232
but the crowd still buzzed with whispers of impropriety.
Natambu,
Malcolm X
, p. 263.
but the crowd still buzzed with whispers of impropriety.
Natambu,
Malcolm X
, p. 263.
232
had a “very nasty attitude.”
“Negroes: Death, Lost Sheep,” February 13, 1964, MXC-S, box 9, folder 1.
had a “very nasty attitude.”
“Negroes: Death, Lost Sheep,” February 13, 1964, MXC-S, box 9, folder 1.
232
find a way around the family’s demands.
Branch,
Pillar of Fire
, p. 17.
find a way around the family’s demands.
Branch,
Pillar of Fire
, p. 17.
233
“attempts to advise and tell the family what to do.”
MX FBI, Summary Report, New York Office, May 16, 1963, p. 21.
“attempts to advise and tell the family what to do.”
MX FBI, Summary Report, New York Office, May 16, 1963, p. 21.
233
Muhammad’s sexual misconduct in the mid-1950s.
Malcolm X and Haley,
Autobiography
, p. 301.
Muhammad’s sexual misconduct in the mid-1950s.
Malcolm X and Haley,
Autobiography
, p. 301.
233
“he was tearing me apart behind my back.”
Ibid., p. 303.
“he was tearing me apart behind my back.”
Ibid., p. 303.
233
“You are a married man!”
Marable,
Living Black History
, p. 172.
“You are a married man!”
Marable,
Living Black History
, p. 172.
233
Malcolm “would really hurt Betty.”
Louis Farrakhan interview, December 27, 2007.
Malcolm “would really hurt Betty.”
Louis Farrakhan interview, December 27, 2007.
234
in early April flew to Phoenix to learn his future.
Malcolm X and Haley,
Autobiography
, pp. 303-4.
in early April flew to Phoenix to learn his future.
Malcolm X and Haley,
Autobiography
, pp. 303-4.
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