Marked for Death (50 page)

16.  A RNAS Sopwith Pup, N5186 © The Royal Aeronautical Society (National Aerospace Library) / Mary Evans Picture Library

17.  Riesenflugzeug Siemens-Schuckert VIII 1918, Wikipedia

18.  Rittmeister Manfred Albrecht Freiherr von Richtofen. Courtesy Ken Hemmerling Oblt.d.R Sheffer Collection;
www.earlyaeroplanes.com

19.  French built Nieuport 11, also known as ‘Bébé’ © Hulton Archive/Getty Images

20.  No. 1 Squadron, RAF at Clairmarais aerodrome near Ypres © Photo by 2nd Lt. D McLellan/IWM via Getty Images)

21.  Captain Billy Bishop, V.C., Wikipedia Library and Archives Canada, PA-001654

22.  Royal Aircraft Factory FE2d gunner.jpg; Wikipedia

23.  Ernst Udet (1896–1941) © Roger Viollet / Getty Images

24.  SPAD XIII © National Museum of the US Air Force

25.  Sopwith Triplane © Karl Drage

26.  Fokker Dr.I © Karl Drage

27.  Rotary engine © SSPL / Getty Images

28.  Sopwith Camel © National Museum of the US Air Force

29.  Eberhart SE-5E © National Museum of the US Air Force

30.  Fokker D.VII © National Museum of the US Air Force

31.  A German aerial shot of a bombing raid © Mary Evans / Sueddeutsche Zeitung Photo

32.  DH4 bomber;
www.earlyaeroplanes.com

33.  An Italian airplane chases an Austrian Albatros plane in the Alps, 1 Jan 1918 © The Art Archive / International Film Service / NGS Image Collection

34.  A man of the ground staff helps a German pilot putting on the parachute, 1918. © Mary Evans / Sueddeutsche Zeitung Photo

British aircraft types are indexed under aircraft, British (types of). Foreign aircraft are indexed under relevant country

aces
182–203

acting as ‘lone wolves’
199–200

disputes over true scores
198–200

early frowning on system of by RFC
187–8

French
183

German
see
German aces

highest-scoring
183

newspaper publicity
185

number of victories needed and standards to become
184–5

origins
183

political component of system
201

and press
2
,
183
,
184

see also
individual names

Admiralty
17

aerodynamics
42
,
49
,
60

Aéronautique Militaire
130
,
189

Aeroplane, The
(magazine)
23

Africa
283–5

agents

dropping and picking up in enemy territory
111–12

ailerons
47

Air Battalion of Royal Engineers
17

Air Board
38
,
209
,
236
,
240
,
270

air raids
see
bombing raids

aircraft

accidents
40
,
214

arming of
67
,
69–94

bombing by
113–14
,
118–19

delays in production
29
,
30–1

deployed for Home Defence
266

and desert warfare
297
,
299

dope poisoning during construction
33–4

early resistance to use of in the war
9–10
,
19
,
59

engines
see
engines, aircraft

fabric covering frames
32–3

first powered flight by Cody (1908)
17
,
44

‘greatest’ debate
63–7

heights reached by
59–60

impact of war on ground on building of
59–60

instruments on board
224–5
,
226

introduction of metal structures
50

landing of
61

number produced in 1915
29

numbers lost in the war
133

and observation
59
,
70
,
71–2
,
74
,
76
,
79
,
99
,
100–4
,
127

and safety belts
244–5

and spinning
50–5
,
87
,
145

and stalling
55

susceptible to chance gusts of wind
41

used for training pilots
127–9
,
144–5

weapons used on board
74–5
,
77

and wireless communication
97–9

wood used for construction
32
,
49

see also
individual countries

aircraft, British (types of)

Avro
51
,
87
,
248

Avro 504/504J
78
,
139
,
144–5
,
146

B.E.
20–2

B.E.1
18–19
,
57

B.E.2c
19
,
20–1
,
24
,
27–8
,
28
,
64
,
78–9
,
100–1
,
106
,
182

B.E.9 (‘Pulpit’)
21–2

B.E.12
115

Bristol F.2A (Brisfits)
31
,
239
,
240
,
266

Caudron G.3
182

de Havilland Mosquito
50
,
285

D.H.2
29
,
54
,
60–1
,
87
,
189
,
288

D.H.4
118
,
119
,
276

D.H.5
65

D.H.6
138–9

D.H.9
239

Douglas DC-3
64

Farman F.27
259
,
284

F.E.1
18

F.E.2
86

F.E.2a
30
,
76

F.E.2b
29
,
30

F.E.2d
78

F.E.8
29

F.E.10
21

Gloster Gladiators
50

Handley Page V/1500 bomber
69

Hawker Hurricane
50

Lancaster bomber
248

Martinsyde F.4 (‘Buzzard’)
67

R.E.7
86

R.E.8 (‘Harry Tate’)
61–3

S.6B floatplane
25

S.E.5
23
,
144

S.E.5a
64
,
67
,
239

seaplanes
262–5

Sopwith Camel
57
,
58
,
63
,
64–6
,
106
,
118
,
144
,
196
,
217
,
320

Sopwith Folder
284

Sopwith Pup
64
,
89
,
189–90
,
194
,
207
,
226
,
239
,
246
,
271

Sopwith Snipe
66
,
239

Sopwith Trench Fighter (T.F.1)
106

Sopwith Trench Fighter (T.F.2) Salamander
106

Sopwith Triplane
35
,
64
,
196
,
229

Vickers ‘Gunbus’
86

airfields

establishment of on Western front
177–8

airmen

aces
see
aces

and animals/pets
166–7

average hours’ flying experience before postings
136

best flying temperament
216–17

and burden of death
119–21

celebratory ‘binges’
160–3

and class
217–18

clothing worn
157–8
,
212

cold experienced by
212–13

comradeship amongst opposing
74
,
169–71
,
191
,
290–2
,
299–300

concept of alienated loner
151–2

connection between riding and best
216–17

conviction of a radical difference between civilian world and
171–3

death toll during war
1–2
,
181

differences between lives of infantry and
153–5

drinking and flying
163–5

evaluation of character of
219–21

exhaustion of
119

flying into German territory and forced landings on enemy land
178–9
,
180

as ‘Fokker fodder’
26
,
142

g-forces experienced by
229–30

and goggles
243–4

home leave
173–5

home-grown entertainment
165

ill-effects of flying at high altitudes
205–10

injuries and health hazards
231
,
231–2

lack of feedback over aircraft design
22–3

lack of parachutes
81
,
234–9

language used by
156–7

life expectancy for new
137

medical examinations and health of prospective
214–16
,
227–8

and officers’ mess
158–9

physiological and psychological tests for
219

and pilot’s vertigo
223–4

portrayal of in media and popular culture
2–7

post-war neglect of
303

public school ethos
156–7

resistance to idea of carrying oxygen
210–11

romance attached to
250

and safety helmets
243
,
244

sense of honour
191

showing off
140–1

songs sung
160–2

squadron life
155–67

stress suffered
222–3

training of
see
training

view of parachutes
241–2

airships, German
see also
German airships

airshows
141

pre-war
126–7

Alder, J. Elrich
209

Alexander, King of Greece
288

Allenby, General Edmund
282
,
302

altitude

bleeding at
211–12

ill-effects of
205–10

altitude experiments
206–7

American aircraft
43

American pilots

medical examination undertaken by prospective
228

and parachutes
240

Amey, 2nd Lieutenant A.E.
3–4

Amiens, Battle of (1918)
9

Anderson, Dr Graeme
164
,
228

Anglo-Persian Oil Company
282

anti-aircraft batteries/defences
70
,
259
,
272
,
273

Arab campaign
282–3

Archer-Shee, Lieutenant-Colonel
36

armour plating
105–6

Army, British

Balloon School
17
,
44

early view of aircraft used in war
9
,
11
,
30
,
51

rivalry with Navy and competition over Treasury funds
23
,
26
,
35

Askwith, George
15

Asquith, Herbert
37
,
275

Austria-Hungary
294
,
295

Bader, Douglas
141

Baghdad
298
,
299
,
300
,
301

Bakewell, Dame Joan
250

Baldwin, Stanley
278–9

Balfour, A.J.
26

Balkans
281–93

Ball, Albert
49
,
166
,
194
,
201
,
202
,
243

ball bearings
57

balloon busting
110–11

Balloon Factory (Farnborough)
17
,
44

balloon strafing
109–10

balloonists, early
205–6

balloons
44
,
92–3

use of parachutes for jumps from
234–5

used for observation
8
,
17
,
44
,
71
,
92
,
96
,
109–10

Baracca, Francesco
295

Bárány chair
227
,
228
,
230

Bárány, Robert
227

Beachey, Lincoln J.
126

Bentley Priory
37

Bernard, General
130

Bert, Paul
207

Berthold, Rudolf
197

Biggles
3
,
4–6
,
7
,
106
,
164
,
222
,
246–7
,
287
,
297