Marriage, a History (67 page)

19
F. Dexter, ed.,
The Literary Diary of Ezra Stiles [1769-1795]
(New York: C. Scribner’s Sons, 1901), vol. 2, p. 490; vol. 3, pp. 15, 167.

20
Charles Brockden Brown,
Alcuin: A Dialogue,
ed. Lee Edwards (Northampton, Mass.: Gehanna Press, 1970), pp. 13-14; Coontz,
Social Origins,
p. 147 (see chap. 8, n. 4).

21
Jane Abray, “Feminism in the French Revolution,”
American Historical Review
80 (1975); Sarah Hanley, “Social Sites of Political Practice in France,”
American Historical Review
102 (1997), pp. 27-28; Olympe des Gourge,
Les Droits de la Femme,
excerpted in O’Faolain and Martines, eds.,
Not in God’s Image,
p. 308.

22
Graham Robb,
Strangers: Homosexual Love in the Nineteenth Century
(New York: W. W. Norton, 2003), p. 176; A. X. van Naerssen,
Gay Life in Dutch Society
(New York: Harrington Park Press, 1987), p. 9; James Steakley,
The Homosexual Emanicpation Movement in Germany
(Salem, N.H.: Ayer Company, 1975), p. 12.

23
Suzanne Desan,
The Family on Trial in Revolutionary France
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004), pp. 220, 248.

24
Alison Sulloway,
Jane Austen and the Province of Womanhood
(Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1989); Robb,
Strangers,
p. 177.

25
Desan,
Family on Trial,
pp. 220, 242, 255.

26
Quoted in Steven Mintz,
Huck’s Raft: A History of American Childhood
(Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press, 2004), p. 54.

27
Abray, “Feminism in the French Revolution”; Miller,
Transformations of Patriarchy in the West,
p. 105 (see chap. 8, n. 33); Coontz,
Social Origins of Private Life,
pp. 148-52; Gunderson,
To Be Useful,
p. 171.

28
Carole Pateman,
The Sexual Contract
(Cambridge: Polity Press, 1988); Desan,
Family on Trial
p. 306.

29
Karin Hausen, “Family and Role-Division: The Polarisation of Sexual Stereotypes in the Nineteenth Century,” in Richard Evans and W. R. Lee, eds.,
The German Family: Essays on the Social History of the Family in Nineteenth- and Twentieth-Century Germany
(London: Croom Helm, 1981); Fletcher,
Gender, Sex and Subordination.
See also Thomas Laquer,
Making Sex: Body and Gender from the Greeks to Freud
(Cambridge, U.K.: Harvard University Press, 1990).

30
Quoted in Dorothee Sturkenboom, “Historicizing the Gender of Emotions,”
Journal of Social History
20 (2000), p. 68.

31
Mary Philbrook, “Women’s Suffrage in New Jersey Prior to 1807,”
New Jersey Historical Proceedings
97 (1939), p. 96.

32
Lendol Calder,
Financing the American Dream: A Cultural History of Consumer Credit
(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1999), p. 76; Nancy Cott,
The Bonds of Womanhood
(New Haven: Yale University Press, 1977), p. 43; Catherine Kelly,
In the New England Fashion: Reshaping Women’s Lives in the Nineteenth Century
(Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1997), p. 43.

33
Bengt Ankerloo, “Agriculture and Women’s Work: Directions of Change in the West, 1700-1900,”
Journal of Family History
4 (1979); E. A. Hammond, Sheila Johansson, and Caren Ginsberg, “The Value of Children During Industrialization,”
Journal of Family History
8 (1983); Sara Horrell and Jane Humphries, “Women’s Labour Force Participation and the Transition to the Male Breadwinner Family, 1790-1865,” in Pamela Sharpe, ed.,
Women’s Work: The English Experience 1650-1914
(New York: Arnold, 1998); K. D. M. Snell, “Agricultural Seasonal Unemployment, the Standard of Living, and Women’s Work, 1690-1860,” ibid.; Jane Humphries, “Enclosures, Common Rights and Women: The Proletarianization of Families in the Late Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth Centuries,”
Journal of Economic History
50 (1990).

34
Marion Gray,
Productive Men, Reproductive Women: The Agrarian Household and the Emergence of Separate Spheres During the German Enlightenment
(New York: Berghahn Books, 2000), pp. 301-02.

35
Deborah Simonton,
A History of European Women’s Work: 1700 to the Present
(New York: Routledge, 1998), pp. 91-93. See also Lenore Davidoff,
Family Fortunes: Men and Women of the English Middle Class, 1780-1850
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987); Wunder,
“He Is the Sun, She Is the Moon,”
p. 203. For the same transition, slightly later, in France, see Martine Segalen,
Love and Power in the Peasant Family: Rural France in the Nineteenth Century
(Oxford, U.K.: Basil Blackwell, 1983), pp. 8-9.

36
Boydston,
Home and Work;
Cott,
Bonds of Womanhood;
Kelly,
New England Fashion,
p. 44.

37
Some historians see the explosion of unwed childbearing as a result of women’s increased liberation, some as a result of their increased vulnerability. Both of course could be at work at once. For various interpretations, see Seccombe,
Millennium
(see chap. 8, n. 4); Shorter,
Making of the Modern Family;
Louise Tilly, Joan Scott, and Miriam Cohen, “Women’s Work and European Fertility Patterns,”
Journal of Interdisciplinary History
6 (1976).

38
Hugh Cunningham,
Children and Childhood in Western Society Since 1500
(Harlow, U.K.: Longman, 1995).

39
Mintz,
Huck’s Raft.

40
Richard Godbeer,
Sexual Revolution in Early America
(Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2002), p. 265.

41
Seccombe,
Millennium.
For other sources on this and the following paragraphs on economic change, see: Levine,
Family Formation in an Age of Nascent Capitalism
(see chap. 8, n. 30); Kriedte, Medick, and Schlumbohm,
Industrialization Before Industrialization
(see chap. 8, n. 30); Mendels, “Proto-industrialization” (see chap. 8, n. 30); Medick, “The Proto-industrial Family Economy” (see chap. 8, n. 30); Braun, “Early Industrialization and Demographic Change in the Canton of Zurich” (see chap. 8, n. 30); Gutmann and Leboutte, “Rethinking Protoindustrialization and Family” (see chap. 8, n. 30); Mitterauer, “Peasant and Non-Peasant Family Farms (see chap. 8, n. 30); Pfister, “The Protoindustrial Household Economy” (see chap. 8, n. 30).

42
For an excellent description of how middle-class marital and family strategies changed during the early phases of wage labor and industrialization, see Mary Ryan,
Cradle of the Middle Class: The Family in Oneida County, New York, 179
0
-1865
(New York: Cambridge University Press, 1983).

43
D’Emilio and Freedman,
Intimate Matters,
p. 45. For the early eighteenth-century history of the new emphasis on chastity, see Ingrid Tague,
Women of Quality
(Rochester, N.Y.: Boydell, 2002).

1
T. Walter Herbert,
Dearest Beloved: The Hawthornes and the Making of the Middle-Class Family
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993), pp. 12-13.

2
Nancy Cott,
The Bonds of Womanhood: Women’s Sphere in New England, 1780-1835
(New Haven: Yale University Press, 1977), p. 68; “Empire of Woman,” reprinted in Mary Beth Norton, ed.,
Major Problems in American Women’s History
(Lexington, Mass.: D. C. Heath, 1989), p. 114; Gail Collins,
America’s Women
(New York: William Morrow, 2004), p. 87.

3
John Tosh,
A Man’s Place: Masculinity and the Middle-Class Home in Victorian England
(New Haven: Yale University Press, 1999), p. 47; Herbert,
Dearest Beloved,
p. 14.

4
Asa Briggs,
A Social History of England
(London: Penguin, 1999); Daniel Scott Smith, “The Long Cycle in American Illegitimacy and Prenuptial Pregnancy,” in Laslett, Oosterveen, and Smith, eds.,
Bastardy
(see chap. 2, n. 19); John D’Emilio and Estelle Freedman,
Intimate Matters: A History of Sexuality in America
(New York: Harper & Row, 1988).

5
Laslett, Oosterveen, and Smith,
Bastardy;
André Burguière and François Lebrun, “Priest, Prince, and Family,” in Burguière et al.,
Impact of Modernity,
vol. 2, p. 129; Mark Abrahamson,
Out-of-Wedlock Births: The United States in Comparative Perspective
(Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 1998); Smith, “Long Cycle”; Judith Flanders,
Inside the Victorian Home
(New York: W. W. Norton, 2004).

6
D’Emilio and Freedman,
Intimate Matters,
p. 70; Smith,
Changing Lives,
p. 181; G. J. Barker-Benfield,
The Horrors of the Half-Known Life: Male Attitudes Toward Women and Sexuality in Nineteenth-Century America
(New York: Harper Colophon, 1976), pp. 275, 278.

7
Quoted in Leonore Davidoff,
Worlds Between: Historical Perspectives on Gender and Class
(New York: Routledge, 1995), p. 41.

8
Steven Ruggles,
Prolonged Connections: The Rise of the Extended Family in Nineteenth-Century England and America
(Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1987).

9
Quotes from Gottlieb,
The Family in the Western World
pp. 252, 254 (see chap. 7, n. 8). On the peasant attachment to the
domus,
see Ladurie,
Montaillou
(see chap. 7, n. 8).

10
Kirk Jeffrey, “The Family as Utopian Retreat from the City,”
Soundings
55 (1972), p. 28. For the other quotes, see
Ladies Book
1 (1840), p. 331;
Southern Literary Messenger
1 (1835), p. 508; John Todd,
The Moral Influence, Dangers and Duties, Connected with Great Cities
(Northampton, Mass.: 1841).

11
Leonore Davidoff,
Family Fortunes: Men and Women of the English Middle Class, 1780-1850
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987), p. 187; Taine quoted in John Tosh,
A Man’s Place,
p. 28.

12
Leonore Davidoff, “The Family in Britain,” in F. M. L. Thompson, ed.,
The Cambridge Social History of Britain 1750-1950
(Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 1990), vol. 2, p. 71. Pockels, quoted in Smith,
Changing Lives,
p. 183. See also Peter Gay,
The Bourgeois Experience, Victoria to Freud,
vol. 4:
The Naked Heart
(New York: W. W. Norton, 1995).

13
Hale quotes, from G. R. Searle,
Morality and the Market in Victorian Britain
(Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1998), p. 156, and Nancy Woloch,
Women and the American Experience
(New York: McGraw-Hill, 1994), vol. 1, pp. 102-03.

14
Searle,
Morality and the Market,
p. 156; Barbara Pope, “Angel’s in the Devil’s Workshop,” in Bridenthal et al.,
Becoming Visible
(see chap. 3, n. 39).

15
Woloch,
Women and the American Experience,
p. 105.

16
Michael Kimmel,
Manhood in America: A Cultural History
(New York: Free Press, 1996), pp. 54-55; Tosh,
Man’s Place,
p. 55; Barker-Benfield,
Horrors of the Half-Known Life,
p. 198. Another minister advised businessmen that despite a wife’s ignorance of practical matters, she could often serve as a moral “mentor.”

17
Mary Ryan, “The Power of Women’s Networks,”
Feminist Studies
5 (1979); Barbara Epstein,
The Politics of Domesticity: Women, Evangelism, and Temperance in Nineteenth-Century America
(Middletown, Conn.: Wesleyan University Press, 1981). On domestic feminism, see Daniel Scott Smith, “Family Limitation, Sexual Control, and Domestic Feminism in Victorian America,” in Mary Hartmann and Lois Banner, eds.,
Clio’s Consciousness Raised
(New York: Harper and Row, 1974).

18
E. Anthony Rotundo,
American Manhood: Transformations in Masculinity from the Revolution to the Modern Era
(New York: Basic Books, 1993), p. 107. For more on men’s acceptance of domesticity in the United States, see Stephen Frank,
Life with Father: Parenthood and Masculinity in the Nineteenth-Century American North
(Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998).

19
Tosh,
A Man’s Place,
p. 5.

20
Orvar Lofgren, “Families and Households: Images and Reality,” in Robert McC. Netting, Richard Wilk, and Eric Arnould, eds.,
Households: Comparative and Historical Studies of the Domestic Group
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984), p. 456. Laborer quoted in Gillis,
For Better, for Worse,
p. 112 (see chap. 7, n. 13). On the evolution of the word
family
and the resentment of servants and hired hands at being excluded from it in the early nineteenth century, see Raymond Williams,
Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1983), p. 132.

21
Lawrence Stone quoted in Gillis,
For Better, for Worse,
p. 138; Ellen Rothman,
Hands and Hearts: A History of Courtship in America
(New York: Basic Books, 1984), pp. 81-82, 175-76; Peter Ward,
Courtship, Love, and Marriage in Nineteenth-Century English Canada
(Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1990), p. 117.

22
This custom persisted in some areas until the second half of the nineteenth century. In 1856 a surprised northern observer described a typical “Christmas Serenade” in St. Augustine, Texas. A band of “pleasant spirits . . . blowing tin horns and beating tin pans,” he reported, visited every house in town, “kicking in doors and pulling down fences until every male member of the family had appeared with appropriate instruments and joined the merry party.” Penne Restad,
Christmas in America: A History
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1995); Peter Stearns, “The Making of the Domestic Occasion: The History of Thanksgiving in the United States,”
Journal of Social History
32 (1999). On the invention of the Sunday dinner, see John Gillis,
A World of Their Own Making: Myth, Ritual, and the Quest for Family Values
(New York: Basic Books, 1997). For a good description of the sentimentalization and privatization of celebrations in the nineteenth century, see Elizabeth Pleck,
Celebrating the Family
(Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2000). For a contrasting description of the dense ties beyond the nuclear family prevailing in the eighteenth century, see Naomi Tadmor,
Family and Friends in Eighteenth-Century England: Household, Kinship, and Patronage
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001).