Monsoon: The Indian Ocean and the Future of American Power (56 page)

27.
Mary Anne Weaver,
Pakistan: In the Shadow of Jihad and Afghanistan
(New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2002), p. 181.

28.
Tainter,
Collapse of Complex Societies
, p. 1.

29.
Richard F. Burton,
Sindh: and the Races That Inhabit the Valley of the Indus; with Notices of the Topography and History of the Province
(London: Allen, 1851), pp. 3, 362.

1.
Edward Luce,
In Spite of the Gods: The Strange Rise of Modern India
(New York: Doubleday, 2007), pp. 158–62.

2.
Citizens for Justice and Peace, “Summary of the CJP’s Activities Between April 2002 and October 2003,” Mumbai.

3.
André Wink,
Al-Hind: The Making of the Indo-Islamic World
, vol. 2,
The Slave Kings and the Islamic Conquest, 11th–13th Centuries
(New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1997), p. 269.

4.
Luiz Vaz de Camões,
The Lusíads
, trans. Landeg White (1572; reprint, New York: Oxford University Press, 1997), Canto Ten: 106.

5.
Marshall G.S. Hodgson,
The Venture of Islam
, vol. 2,
The Expansion of Islam in the Middle Periods (Chicago:
University of Chicago Press, 1961), p. 546; Alan Villiers,
Monsoon Seas: The Story of the Indian Ocean
(New York: McGraw-Hill, 1952), p. 109.

6.
R.A.L.H. Gunawardana, “Changing Patterns of Navigation in the Indian Ocean and Their Impact on Pre-Colonial Sri Lanka,” in Satish Chandra,
The Indian Ocean: Explorations in History, Commerce and Politics
(New Delhi: Sage, 1987), p. 81.

7.
S. Arasaratnam, “India and the Indian Ocean in the Seventeenth Century,” in As hin
Das Gupta and M. N. Pearson, eds.,
India and the Indian Ocean, 1500–1800
(Kolkata: Oxford University Press, 1987).

8.
Engseng Ho, “Port City States of the Indian Ocean,” Harvard University and the Dubai Initiative, Feb. 9–10, 2008.

9.
Sugata Bose,
A Hundred Horizons: The Indian Ocean in the Age of Global Empire
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2006), p. 75. Charles Verlinden, “The Indian Ocean: The Ancient Period and the Middle Ages,” in Chandra,
Indian Ocean
, p. 49.

10.
Dwijendra Tripathi, “Crisis of Indian Polity and the Historian,” Indian History Congress, Amritsar, 2002.

11.
See in this context Susanne Hoeber Rudolph and Lloyd I. Rudolph, “Modern Hate: How Ancient Animosities Get Invented,”
New Republic
, Mar. 22, 1993.

12.
Walter Laqueur, ed.,
Fascism: A Reader’s Guide; Analyses, Interpretations, Bibliography
(London: Wildwood, 1976).

13.
Juan J. Linz, “Some Notes Toward a Comparative Study of Fascism in Sociological Historical Perspective.” See, too, Zeev Sternhell’s “Fascist Ideology.” Both in Laqueur’s
Fascism
.

14.
Thomas Pynchon, Foreword to George Orwell,
Nineteen Eighty-Four
(New York: Penguin, 2003).

15.
See Achyut Yagnik and Suchitra Sheth,
The Shaping of Modern Gujarat: Plurality, Hindutva and Beyond
(New Delhi: Penguin India, 2005).

16.
Camões,
The Lusíads
, Canto Ten: 60, 64.

17.
Amartya Sen, “Why Democratization Is Not the Same as Westernization: Democracy and Its Global Roots,”
New Republic
, Oct. 6, 2003.

18.
Elias Canetti,
Crowds and Power
(New York: Viking, 1960).

1.
John F. Richards,
The Mughal Empire
(New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995), p. 122.

2.
Ibid., p. 35.

3.
Richard M. Eaton,
The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204–1760
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993), pp. 159–60.

4.
Richards,
Mughal Empire
, pp. 239, 242.

5.
Sugata Bose,
A Hundred Horizons: The Indian Ocean in the Age of Global Empire
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2006), p. 56.

6.
William Dalrymple,
City of Djinns: A Year in Delhi
(London: HarperCollins, 1993), pp. 82–83.

7.
George N. Curzon,
Frontiers: The Romanes Lecture 1907
(1907; reprint, Boston: Elibron Classics, 2006), pp. 57–58.

8.
Lord Curzon of Kedleston,
The Place of India in the Empire
(London: John Murray, 1909), p. 12.

9.
Parag Khanna and C. Raja Mohan, “Getting India Right,”
Policy Review
, February/March 2006.

10.
Stephen P. Cohen,
India: Emerging Power
(Washington, DC: Brookings, 2001), p. 55.

11.
James R. Holmes, Andrew C. Winner, and Toshi Yoshihara,
Indian Naval Strategy in the 21st Century
(London: Routledge, 2009), p. 131.

12.
Holmes and Yoshihara, “China and the United States in the Indian Ocean: An
Emerging Strategic Triangle?”
Naval War College Review
, Summer 2008. From Ming’s articles, “The Indian Navy Energetically Steps Toward the High Seas” and “The Malacca Dilemma and the Chinese Navy’s Strategic Choices.”

13.
Holmes and Yoshihara, “China and the United States in the Indian Ocean.”

14.
Geoffrey Kemp, “The East Moves West,”
National Interest
, Summer 2006.

15.
Heather Timmons and Somini Sengupta, “Building a Modern Arsenal in India,”
New York Times
, Aug. 31, 2007.

16.
Daniel Twining, “The New Great Game,”
Weekly Standard
, Dec. 25, 2006.

17.
Greg Sheridan, “East Meets
West,” National Interest
, November/December, 2006.

18.
Holmes, Winner, and Toshihara,
Indian Naval Strategy in the 21st Century
, p. 142.

19.
Defense Industry Daily
, June 6, 2005.

20.
Mohan Malik, “Energy Flows and Maritime Rivalries in the Indian Ocean Region” (Honolulu: Asia-Pacific Center for Security Studies, 2008).

21.
Adam Wolfe, Yevgeny Bendersky, and Federico Bordonaro,
Power and Interest News Report
, July 20, 2005.

22.
Khanna and Mohan, “Getting India Right.”

23.
Edward Luce,
In Spite of the Gods: The Strange Rise of Modern India
(New York: Doubleday, 2007), p. 287.

24.
Ibid., p. 275.

25.
Twining, “New Great Game.”

26.
Stanley Weiss, “India: The Incredible and the Vulnerable,”
International Herald Tribune
, Apr. 23, 2008.

27.
Khanna and Mohan, “Getting India Right.”

28.
Sunil Khilnani, “India as a Bridging Power,” The Foreign Policy Centre, 2005.

29.
Harsh V. Pant, “A Rising India’s Search for a Foreign Policy,”
Orbis
, Spring 2009.

1.
Alan Villiers,
Monsoon Seas: The Story of the Indian Ocean
(New York: McGraw-Hill, 1952), p. 5.

2.
Interview with Jay Gulledge, senior scientist, Pew Center on Global Climate Change, 2009.

3.
Richard M. Eaton,
The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204–1760
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993), p. 306.

4.
Samuel P. Huntington,
Political Order in Changing Societies
(New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1968), pp. 1, 9, 47.

5.
Eaton,
Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier
, p. 235.

6.
Luiz Vaz de Camões,
The Lusíads
, trans. Landeg White (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997), Canto Ten: 121.

7.
Suniti Bhushan Qanungo,
A History of Chittagong
(Chittagong, Bangladesh: Signet, 1988, p. 468. I have relied on this book for much of the historical background material.

8.
Thant Myint-U,
The River of Lost Footsteps: A Personal History of Burma
(New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2006), p. 72.

9.
Ibid., p. 110.

1.
John Keay,
The Honourable Company: A History of the English East India Company
(London: HarperCollins, 1991), pp. 220, 272.

2.
Luiz Vaz de Camões,
The Lusíads
, trans. Landeg White (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997), Canto Seven: 20.

3.
Richard M. Eaton,
The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204–1760
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993), pp. 12–13, 19–20, 61–62, 313.

4.
Geoffrey Moorhouse,
Calcutta: The City Revealed
(London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1971), p. 93.

5.
Ibid., p. 18.

6.
David Gilmour,
Curzon: Imperial Statesman
(New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1994), p. 145.

7.
Dominique Lapierre,
The City of Joy
(New York: Doubleday, 1985).

8.
William T. Vollmann,
Poor People
(New York: Ecco, 2007), pp. xiv, 111, 123–24, 239.

9.
Madeleine Biardeau,
India
, transl. F. Carter (London: Vista, 1960), pp. 65, 73.

10.
Moorhouse,
Calcutta
, p. 128.

11.
Sunil Gangopadhyay,
Those Days
, transl. by Aruna Chakravarti (New York: Penguin, 1981, 1997), p. 581.

12.
Basil Lubbock,
The Opium Clippers
(Boston: Lauriat, 1933), pp. 13–14, 16–17, 28. For an example of the profits, opium purchased for 70 rupees in Bengal could be sold for 225 rupees in Batavia in the Dutch East Indies. See C. R. Boxer,
The Dutch Seaborne Empire, 1600–1800
(London: Hutchinson, 1965), p. 228.

13.
Simon and Rupert Winchester,
Calcutta
(Oakland, CA: Lonely Planet, 2004). p. 32.

14.
Keay,
Honourable Company
, p. 193.

15.
The term “vast impersonal forces” was used by T. S. Eliot. See Isaiah Berlin’s essay “Historical Inevitability,” first delivered as a lecture in 1953 and published in his book
Four Essays on Liberty
(London: Oxford University Press, 1969).

16.
Thomas Babington Macaulay,
Essay on Lord Clive
, edited with notes and an introduction by Preston C. Farrar (1840; reprint, New York: Longmans, Green, 1910), pp. xxx, 3, 16–17.

17.
Keay,
Honourable Company
, p. 289.

18.
Ibid., p. 281.

19.
Macaulay,
Essay on Lord Clive
, p. 22.

20.
Ibid., pp. 24–25.

21.
Keay,
Honourable Company
, p. 290.

22.
Ibid., pp. 36–37.