Moses and Akhenaten (40 page)

Ezra, 35

Fairman, H. W., 69, 79, 91, 148, 150–2, 237, 241–4

Fayyum, 224

Fields of Piyer, The, 39

Freud, Sigmund, 6–8, 10, 66, 162, 167–8, 187

Fröhlich's Syndrome, 8–9, 233–4, 238

Gardiner, Alan H.: on Karnak colossi, 6; on Manetho, 30; on Moses' epithet, 65; King list, 68; opposes coregency theory, 69; on Tushratta letters, 83; on Akhenaten's reign, 92; on Amenhotep II, 100; on Pi-Ramses, 111, 218; on non-burial of Akhenaten, 139; on fall of Akhenaten, 155; identifies Gaza, 194; on Akhenaten's tomb, 241;
Egypt of the Pharaohs,
30

Gaza, 43, 194

Gebel Barakal (Nubia), 101–2

Gebel Shahuf, 196

Gebel Silsila (Nubia), 127

Genesis, Book of, 54–5, 64, 125, 162

George the Monk (Syncellus) of Tarasius, Patriarch of Constantinople, 27–8

Gershon (Moses' son), 15–16

Gezer, 40–1, 147

Giles, Frederick J., 69, 75

Giliya (messenger), 83–6, 214

Gilukhipa, 118, 212

Goshen, 13–14, 22, 35–6, 54, 108

Grdseloff, Bernard, 45, 196

Griffith, Francis, 219

Gunn, Battiscombe, 150–3

Habachi, Labib, 202, 224

Habu, son of
see
Amenhotep, son of Habu

Haggadah, The (Talmud), 178

Hammath (city), 43

Hamza, Muhammad, 139, 142, 144, 224, 226

Harris, J. R., 90

Harrison, R. G., 145–6, 160, 237–9

Hassan, Ali, 115

Hathor (deity), 169

Hatshepsut, Queen, 5, 222

Hatti, 40, 47, 195

Hattusili III, Hittite King, 44

Hattusili Peace Treaty, 195

Hayes, William C., 69, 88, 224

Hebrews: as term, 246–7

Helck, Wolfgang, 69, 97, 157

Heliopolis (On), 31–2, 38–9, 119–20, 163

Heliopolis Column, 40

Hezekiah, 21

Hittites, 41, 42, 44–7, 96

Horeb, Mount (Mount Sinai), 18

Horemheb, Pharaoh: reign, 3, 11, 13, 63–4, 67–8, 70, 90–100, 103, 105, 157–8, 167; as Oppressor of Israelites, 27, 50, 108; appoints Pa-Ramses, 49, 172; death, 49, 63, 172, 179; age at death, 98; marriage, 122, 181; burial, 139; suppresses Aten cult, 155, 161, 170, 181; and Zarw, 219, 221; and Tell el-Dab'a, 223

Horus (deity), 187, 227

Horus, road of, 112–14, 218–19

Hurru, 40–1, 47

Huy, 93–5, 215–16

Huya: tomb, 73–7, 198–202, 204; appointment, 204

Hyksos (shepherds): invade and occupy Eastern Delta, 13, 36–7, 66, 220; defeated, 27, 35, 112, 159, 221–2, 227; Josephus on, 28, 31; at Avaris, 29, 35–6, 108

Imago
(journal), 6–7

International Congress of Egyptology, 5th, Cairo, 1988, 113

Isaiah, Book of, 163

Israel Stela, 37–41, 42, 47–8, 197

Israelites: Descent and Sojourn in Egypt, 13, 51–4; Oppression in Egypt, 13–15, 64; Exodus, 15–19, 108; as Shasu, 47, 197; as threat to Pharaoh, 63; worship, 163–5; Akhenaten joins, 167; origins, 184; and Hebrews, 246–7

Jacob (father of Joseph), 13, 55, 171

Janssen, Joseph M., 70

Jehovah (deity), 163, 166–9

Jethro (Moses' father-in-law), 15

Jithro
see
Reu'el

Job Stone, 46

Jochebed (mother of Moses), 14, 19, 25, 180

Joseph, Patriarch: Yuya identified with, 2, 13, 32, 53, 108, 229; descendants, 3; career, 13; imprisoned, 37; arrival in Egypt, 51, 54; father's death, 55, 57; meets brothers, 55; Egyptian name, 66; Tuthmosis IV appoints, 124–5

Josephus, Flavius, 22, 27–31, 36, 90, 101, 111, 184

Joshua, 19, 186

Kadesh (city), 19–20, 43–4, 218; Battle of, 46

Kamose, 221

Kamose Stela, 112, 218, 224–5

Kantarah, 109, 112–13, 219

Karnak: colossi of Akhenaten at, 6, 8, 145, 234, 236, 239; Amun's temple reliefs, 43–4, 46, 76, 101, 131, 159; Meketaten depicted at, 72; temple of Ptah, 90; Hypostyle Hall, 102, 104, 112, 193; Aten temple, 121, 123, 125, 181, 236; and Zarw, 218

Karnak War Inscriptions, 40

Khabiru
(
Sa-Gaz
), 183, 246–7

Khamashshi (messenger), 84, 86, 213

Khay, 93–4, 96

Khayri, 92–5, 215

Kheruef (steward): tomb, 79–80, 178, 202–4

Kings, Second Book of, 21

Kitchen, Kenneth A., 45–8, 196–7, 218

Klein, Rev. F., 56

Knudzton, J. A., 82

Kohath (son of Levi), 35, 51–3

Koran: on Moses, 24, 54, 58–60; on drowning of Pharaoh, 49; on Moses' magic rod, 175–8; on Aaron, 182; on Aye, 183

Kurnah (Western Thebes), 103

Kush, 105

Laban, 45, 162, 196

Levi (grandfather of Moses), 19, 35, 51–3

Levites, 130, 184–5

Leviticus, Book of, 19–20

Libnah, 45

Libya (or Tehenu): invades Egypt, 38–40, 44, 47–9

Lucas, A., 242

Luxor, 44, 46, 104; Aten temple, 121, 123, 125

Lysimachus, 32

Maat (goddess), 73

Madinet Habu (Western Thebes), 91

magic, 174–5

Malkata palace (Western Thebes), 87, 110, 117, 119, 222, 224, 228

Mallevi (Mal-lawi), 184

Manasseh (Anen; Joseph's son), 54

Manetho (historian), 22–3, 26–32, 57–8, 63, 90, 97, 99–101, 110–11, 157, 184, 227;
History of Egypt
(
Aegytica
)
,
26

Mani (messenger), 84–7, 214

Maqsoud, Mohammed Abdel, 113–15

Martin, Geoffrey T., 137–8, 140–4, 244

Maspero, Gaston, 101, 103–4, 116

Mehy, 102

Meidum, 80–2, 158

Meketaten (Akhenaten's daughter), 72, 76, 126, 132, 135–7, 140

Memphis, 38–9, 91, 124, 219, 224–5

Men (sculptor), 71

Merari, 184

Merenptah Stela, 48

Merenptah, Pharaoh, 37–41, 47–8, 197

Merey (Libyan leader), 38–9

Meribah (Sinai), 20, 186

Meryre II: tomb, 68, 74, 198–202, 204; as high priest of Aten, 163, 185

Merytaten (Akhenaten's daughter), 9, 69, 76, 126, 131, 232; tomb, 241, 243

Merytaten-the-less, Princess (daughter and granddaughter of Akhenaten), 9

Mesha, King of Moab, 56

Mesman (goatherd), 94

Midian and Midianites, 15, 47, 179

Miriam (elder sister of Moses), 14, 18–20, 25, 182

Mitanni, 42, 82–7, 212, 214;
see also
Tushratta

Moab, 46, 186, 188, 194, 196–7

Moabite Stone, 56

Mos
case, 155, 215–16

Moses: identified as Pharaoh Akhenaten, 3, 7, 65, 106, 162, 167; Freud on, 6–7, 10, 66, 162, 167–8, 187: Old Testament account of, 12–21, 22, 35, 58–60; takes second wife, 20; death and burial, 20–1, 186–8; fails to enter Promised Land, 20–1, 33, 186–7; Talmud account of, 22–4, 134, 156, 183; with Pharaoh as child, 25–6; unites with Midianites, 47; return to Egypt, 49, 54; age, 51–3; as son of Amenhotep III and Tiye, 54, 60–2, 182; childhood at Goshen, 62; monotheism and worship, 62–3, 162, 164–7; name, 65–7; birth, 68, 106–7; and name of God, 167–9; flight to Sinai, 169; magic rod, 174–9, 186–7; relations with Aaron, 182;
see also
Akhenaten

Muhammed the Prophet, 76

Murray, Helen, 245

Mutimuya, Queen, 119, 222

Mutnezmat, Queen, 122, 181

Muwatallis, Hittite King, 44

Nahr el-Kelb Stela, 46

Napoleon I (Bonaparte), Emperor of France, 112

Naville, Henri, 230

Nebnufer, 216

Neby, mayor of Zarw, 97, 118, 121, 172, 222

Neferhotep, 90

Neferkheprure, 200

Neferneferuaten
see
Nefertiti

Neferneferuaten Tasheri, 73, 126

Neferneferure, 126

Nefertiti, Queen of Akhenaten: as devotee of Aten, 6; children, 9, 236, 239; marriage, 62, 122, 180–1; at Amarna, 126, 132; status, 127, 181; disappears, 132; tomb representations of, 137, 234; and Tutankhamun, 146; parents, 180–1; depicted and named on Karnak temple, 181; nursed by Tiy, 182; as Miriam, 182; on Amarna rock tombs, 199–201, 207–8

Negeb, 196

Nehesy, Pharaoh, 114, 220

Neshi (shipmaster), 93–5, 215–16

Nubian Stelae, 40, 42

Nubnofret, 215

numbers (figures): and Jewish chronology, 52

Numbers, Book of, 19–20

Nuttall, Mary, 245

Nuzu Texts, 247

Oedipus, 8

Old Testament: history and myth in, 189–90;
see also
individual books

Osarseph (priest of Heliopolis), 29, 31–3

Osiris (god), 65, 79, 114, 172–3, 175, 187, 220, 227

Osman, Ahmed:
Stranger in the Valley of the
Kings,
51, 53, 124

Pah-Nehas, 172

Panehesy, 72, 127, 172, 185

Papa (priest), 215

Pa-Ramses
see
Ramses I, Pharaoh Paser (vizier), 222

Paser I, 105

Pa-Twfy, Waters of, 110, 112–13, 225, 227

Pe-Kanan (Gaza), 43, 194

Penamun (vintner), 121–2

Pendlebury, John: on Akhenaten, 6, 69; excavates Akhenaten's tomb, 136–40, 142, 144, 153; on Karnak colossus, 236;
Tell el-Amarna,
128

Pere (nobleman), 69, 132, 154

Petrie, W. M. Flinders, 37, 69, 116, 169–71;
Tell el-Amarna,
125

Phinehas (son of Eleazar), 185

Pi-Ramses, 94, 106–7, 109–15, 217–21, 224–7, 228;
see also
Avaris

Pirizzi (messenger), 82, 85–6, 214

Pithom (city), 13, 32, 34

Piyer, The Fields of
see
Fields of Piyer, The

Plutarch, 27

Poem of Pe-natour,
112, 217

Pollock, Dr, 232

Potiphar, 53

Prehotep, 93

Pritchard, James B., 56

Psalms, Book of, 163

Ptolemy II, Pharaoh, 26

Puah (midwife), 14

Puipri (messenger), 82, 85–6, 214

Qantir, 109, 115, 222–8

Qumran, 56

Raamses (city), 13, 32, 64, 106

Rakhit, 220

Ramasseum, 46

Rameses (Ramses; place), 36, 48–9, 112, 228

Ramose, mayor of Thebes, 88, 204–11

Rampses, 30, 184

Ramses I, Pharaoh (
formerly
Pa-Ramses): at Thebes, 35; reign, 37, 42, 49–50, 64, 90, 99–100, 105, 167, 169, 179, 184; Horemheb appoints, 97, 108, 172; building, 104, 226; Zarw residence, 110, 219, 221; military background, 159; Sarabit stela, 169–70

Ramses II, Pharaoh: builds Hermopolis, 9; as Pharaoh of Oppression, 37–8, 247; treaty with Hittites, 41; campaigns, 42, 44–8, 112, 196–7; marriages, 45; visit to Horemheb's tomb, 101; and Khayri court case, 94–6, 215; reign, 100–5; building 104; age, 104; at Zarw, 109, 111, 217–18; and city of Pi-Ramses, 217–20, 222, 226

Ramses III, Pharaoh, 226

Ramses IV, Pharaoh, 247

Rathosis, 157–8

Rbn,
45, 196

Re (deity), 119–20, 200;
see also
Amun-Re

Re-Harakhti (Horus of the Horizon), 120, 127–8, 163, 195, 206–7, 209, 211

Red Sea: Israelites cross, 17–18, 49

Redford, Donald: on Jewish settlement of desert area, 33; on Akhenaten's rebellion, 58; opposes coregency theory, 69, 75, 77, 79–80; on Soleb Temple, 70–1; on Meketaten, 72; on Amarna rock tombs, 75, 77, 198–9, 20–5; on Tushratta letters, 82–3, 86–7; on Akhenaten's reign, 152, 154;
Akhenaten, the Heretic King,
9–10;
Pharaonic King-Lists,
31

Reu'el (Jithro; Midianite), 15, 25–6

Rhind Mathematical Papyrus,
221

rod, ‘magic', 174–9

Rosetta Stone, 4

Rowley, H. H., 183–4

Sa-Gaz see Khabiru

Sakkara, 88, 90–2

Samson, Julia, 239

Sandison, A. T., 236, 238–9

Sarabit el Khadim, 118, 169–72

Scharff, Alexander, 75

Schmidt, John D., 44–5

Schulman, Alan R., 129

sed
festival, 178–9

Seele, Keith C., 69, 150–3, 180–1

Sehel (Upper Egypt), 205

Seir, Mount, 45, 196

Semenkhkare, Pharaoh: descended from Joseph, 2; name excised, 27, 92; installed as coregent, 63, 68–9, 131–2, 154; reign, 92, 96, 99–100, 105, 147, 148–9, 154; 231; name and epithets, 132, 154; and religion, 132; death, 132, 146–7, 149; mummy, 145, 235, 237, 243; relationship to Akhenaten, 145–6, 235; burial and tomb, 241, 244–5

Sementawi, 216

Setepenre (Akhenaten's daughter), 126

Seters, John van
see
van Seters, John

Seth (deity), 110, 114, 187–8, 219–21, 223, 225–7

Seti I, Pharaoh: reign, 2, 37, 100–5; campaigns against Shasu, 42–5, 47, 49, 103, 112, 187, 193–4, 196, 219; and Wadi Haifa stela, 90; appointed by Horemheb, 97, 108; temples and reliefs, 102–4, 111, 113–14, 218; military background, 159; and death of Moses, 187–8; at Zarw, 219, 221

Shasu (tribes): wars with Egyptians, 42–9, 101, 103, 112, 179, 187, 193–4, 196–7, 219; as Akhenaten's troops, 200

Shi-hor, Waters of, 110, 225, 227

Shimeathites, 45, 196

Shiprah (midwife), 14

Shutarna (father of Tushratta), 118, 212

Sikket es-Sultan, 126

Simyra, 44

Sinai, 169, 171–2, 179, 197

Sinai, Mount, 171–2;
see also
Horeb, Mount

Sinuhi, 108

Sitamun, 29, 54, 62, 181

Smith, Grafton Elliot, 145, 232–1, 236, 242

Smith, Harry S., 156

Smith, Ray Winfield, 181

Sm't,
45, 196

Sobek temple (Fayum), 31

Soleb temple (Nubia), 70–1

Steindorff, George, 69, 228

Succoth, 17

Suppiluliuma, Hittite King, 42

Å¡Å«Å¡
(sixty-year period), 52

Sutarna (Tushratta's father)
see
Shutarna

Syncellus
see
George the Monk

Tabernacle: constructed, 18, 20

Tadukhipa, Princess, 84, 122, 180–1, 212

Takharu, 93, 95–6, 215–16

Talmud, 22–4, 32, 134, 156, 169, 183, 186

Tanis (city), 45, 109, 196, 217, 220