Moses and Akhenaten (41 page)

Tehenu
see
Libya

Tell Abu-Seifah, 113

Tell el-Amarna, 4, 62, 69, 88, 91, 125–6;
see also
Amarna

Tell el-Dab'a, 97, 109, 115, 222–8

Tell Heboua, 113–15

Ten Commandments, 18, 172–3

Tentpaihay, 216

Thebes: as capital, 35–6, 159; Moses at, 62, 65; Semenkhkare's coregency at, 63; tombs, 79; Akhenaten at, 83, 120, 122; inscriptions, 89; Tiye and, 109; temple of Amun, 132, 159; Akhenaten leaves, 158; Ramose at, 210–11; as site of Zarw-kha, 228;
see also
Malkata palace

Tiy (wife of Aye), 158, 180–2

Tiye, Queen: as mother of Akhenaten/Moses, 8, 54–5, 57, 61–2, 81, 146, 182; marriage, 54, 117; on Penehesy stela, 72; and Amarna rock tombs, 73–4, 198–201; and Baketaten, 75, 77; age, 76–7; on Theban tombs, 79, 139; status, 79, 81–2, 120, 127, 198; correspondence with Tushratta, 83–7, 212–14; gift to Aper-el, 88, 185; and Zarw-kha, 106–8, 116, 118, 172, 222, 228; as daughter of Yuya (Joseph), 107–8, 130, 185; relations with Akhenaten, 120, 122–3; mummy and burial, 144, 147, 231–2, 232, 240–1; and parentage of Tutankhamun, 146–7; Sarabit statuette, 170; on Kheruef tomb, 178, 203–4; and Nefertiti, 180–2

Tjaui, 93

Tomb 55 (Amarna), 231–45

Tushratta, King of Mitanni, 82–8, 118, 180, 211–14

Tutankhamun (
formerly
Tutankhaten), Pharaoh: decended from Joseph, 2; name excised, 27, 92; succeeds to throne, 63, 146, 149, 183; reign, 68–9, 92, 96, 99–100, 105, 132, 134, 153–4; tomb, 91, 144–6, 224, 240–1, 244–5; and Aten cult, 121; Restoration stela, 131; marriage, 132; burial, 137, 139, 141, 241–2; and Amarna tombs, 144; parentage, 146, 234; coregency, 148–9; readopts Amun, 149–50, 155; at Amarna, 153, 155; changes name, 155; death, 160; skull, 234–5, 237–8; and burial of Akhenaten, 244; and Hebrews, 246

Tuthmose, 8

Tuthmosis (Moses' brother), 61, 117

Tuthmosis III, Pharaoh, 2, 82, 99–100, 104, 105, 119, 159–60, 221

Tuthmosis IV, Pharaoh: and Joseph, 13, 53, 124–5; tomb, 90; reign, 99–100, 105, 108, 119, 167; harem at Zarw, 118, 222; and hostility to Aten, 124–5; and religious revolution, 160

Tuya (mother of Tiye), 107, 144, 229

Uphill, Eric, 114–15

Urnero, 93–6, 215–16

Usimare Setpenre, 195

van Seters, John, 220, 224

Velikovsky, Immanuel, 8

Wadi Abu Hassan el-Bahri, 134

Wadi Haifa (Nubia), 42, 90

Weigall, Arthur, 6, 140, 144, 147, 231, 233, 241–2

Wilson, Sir J. Gardiner, 200

Yahuda, Abraham S., 7

Yanoam, 40–1, 43, 47

Young, Thomas, 4

Yoyotte, Jean, 48, 121, 229–30

Yuni, 105

Yuya: identified with Joseph, 2, 13, 32, 53, 108, 229; as father of Tiye, 107–8, 130, 185; posts, 130, 229; mummy and tomb, 137, 144–5, 233; military origins, 158; and religious revolution, 160

Zarw (Zalw; Sile; city): location, 12, 106–16, 217–30; as birthplace of Moses, 61–2; Israelites at, 64; Amenhotep III at, 118; shrine of Aten, 121, 172; Akhenaten at, 121–2; and Seti I's campaigns, 187; name and writing of, 230

Zarw-kha, 106–7, 116, 228–9

Zin, Desert of, 19

Zipporah (Moses' wife), 15, 57

Zivie, Alain-Pierre, 88

NOTES

B
IBLICAL
quotations are from either the Authorized Version or the New English Bible.

Further details of works cited below will be found in the Bibliography, pp. 253–5.

INTRODUCTION

  
1
      Breasted,
A History of Egypt,
p. 355.

  
2
      Breasted,
The Dawn of Conscience,
p. 296.

  
3
      Weigall,
The Life and Times of Akhenaten,
p. 2.

  
4
      Baikie,
The Amarna Age,
p. 234.

  
5
      Gardiner,
Egypt of the Pharaohs,
p. 214.

  
6
      Pendlebury,
Tell el-Amarna,
p. 15.

  
7
      Aldred,
Akhenaten,
pp. 101–4.

  
8
      Redford,
Akhenaten, the Heretic King,
pp.232–5.

  1      BRICKS WITHOUT STRAW

  
1
      Osman,
Stranger in the Valley of the Kings.

  2      WAS MOSES A KING?

  
1
      Polano,
Selections from the Talmud,
p. 132.

  
2
      
Ibid.,
p. 126

  
3
      Waddell,
Manetho.

  
4
      Josephus,
Against Apion.

  
5
      
Against Apion III,
p. 295.

  
6
      
Against Apion I,
p. 281.

  
7
      
Ibid.,
p. 287.

  
8
      Osman,
Stranger in the Valley of the Kings.

  
9
      Redford,
Pharaonic King-Lists,
p. 293.

  3      THE ISRAEL STELA

  
1
      Aldred,
Akhenaten and Nefertiti,
p. 8. Gardiner, who unlike Aldred does not believe in a coregency during the Amarna period, here gives a figure of 267 years.

  
2
      
Ibid.
Aldred also disagrees with Gardiner about the length of the reign of Seti I.

  
3
      Pritchard,
Ancient Near Eastern Texts,
pp.377–8.

  4      REBELLION IN SINAI

  
1
      Murnane,
The Road to Kadesh,
p. 144.

  
2
      Schmidt,
Ramses II,
p. 180.

  
3
      Kitchen, ‘Asiatic Wars of Ramses II', p. 66.

  
4
      
Ibid.

  
5
      
Ibid.,
p. 68.

  
6
      
Ibid.,
p. 70.

  
7
      Posener,
A Dictionary of Egyptian Civilisation,
p. 83.

  
8
      
Ibid.,
pp.82, 83.

  
9
      This has been interpreted as meaning that the king's body was recovered and buried.

10
      Ali,
The Meaning of the Glorious Qu'ran.

  5      SOJOURN – AND THE MOTHER OF MOSES

  
1
      Cassuto,
A Commentary on the Book of Exodus,
p. 86.

  
2
      
The Illustrated Bible Dictionary,
Part 2, p. 1016.

  
3
      Pritchard,
Ancient Near Eastern Texts,
p. 320.

  
4
      Brown,
Hebrew and English Lexicon,
p. 108.

  
5
      Cassuto,
Commentary,
p. 54.

  6      THE RIGHTFUL SON AND HEIR

  
1
      
Exodus Rabbah I,
p. 24.

  
2
      Ranke,
Die ägyptischen Personennamen,
p. 164.

  7      THE COREGENCY DEBATE (I)

  
1
      Redford,
History and Chronology,
pp.86–169.

  
2
      Redford,
Akhenaten, the Heretic King,
p. 79.

  
3
      Carter,
The Tomb of Tutankhamen,
p. 5.

  
4
      Redford,
History and Chronology,
p. 109.

  
5
      Davies,
The Rock Tombs of el-Amarna,
Part III, p. 21.

  
6
      
Ibid.,
p. 23.

  
7
      Redford,
History and Chronology,
p. 107.

  
8
      
Ibid.

  
9
      
Ibid.,
p. 108.

10
      Carter,
The Tomb of Tutankhamen,
p. 14.

11
      
Ibid., p. 6.

12
      Redford,
History and Chronology,
pp.111–12.

  8      THE COREGENCY DEBATE (II)

  
1
      Redford,
History and Chronology,
p. 115.

  
2
      Carter,
The Tomb of Tutankhamen,
vol. III, p. 3.

  
3
      Redford,
History and Chronology,
p. 119.

  
4
      
Ibid.,
p. 144.

  
5
      
Ibid.,
p. 145.

  
6
      
Ibid.,
p. 168.

  
7
      
Ibid.,
p. 69.

  
8
      
Ibid.,
pp. 71–2.

  
9
      
Ibid.,
p. 51.

10
      
Ibid.,
p. 79.

11
      Hayes, ‘Inscriptions from the Palace of Amenhotep III', pp. 36–7.

  9      THE REIGN OF HOREMHEB

  
1
      Harris, ‘How Long Was the Reign of Horemheb', p. 95.

  
2
      Martin, ‘Excavations at the Memphite Tomb of Horemheb', p. 15.

  
3
      Redford,'Chronology of the Egyptian Eighteenth Dynasty', p. 123.

  
4
      Peet,
The City of Akhenaten,
Vol. III, pp. 157–8.

  
5
      Harris, ‘How Long Was the Reign of Horemheb', p. 96.

  
6
      Gardiner, ‘A Later Allusion to Akhenaten', p. 124.

  
7
      Gaballa,
The Memphite Tomb Chapel of Mose,
p. 25.

  
8
      
Ibid.,
p. 23.

  
9
      
Ibid.,
pp.23, 24.

10
      
Ibid.,
p. 23.

11
      
Ibid.,
pp. 24–5.

12
      Björkman, ‘Neby, the Mayor of Tjaru', pp. 43–51.

13
      Bietak, ‘Avaris and Piramses', p. 270.

10      A CHRONOLOGY OF KINGS

  
1
      Maspero,
The Struggle of the Nations,
p. 387.

  
2
      Breasted,
Ancient Records of Egypt,
pp. 59–60.

  
3
      
Ibid.,
p. 60.

  
4
      Maspero,
The Struggle of the Nations,
p. 386.

  
5
      
Ibid.,
p. 380.

  
6
      
Ibid.,
p. 379.

  
7
      Reisner, ‘The Viceroys of Ethiopia', p. 28.

11      THE BIRTHPLACE OF AKHENATEN

  
1
      Breasted,
Ancient Records of Egypt,
vol. 3, p. 349; also Yoyotte,
Le Bassin de Djârouka, Kêmi,
vol. 15, p. 23.

  
2
      Osman,
Stranger in the Valley of the Kings,
p. 107.

  
3
      Hayes, ‘Inscriptions', p. 101.

  
4
      
Papyrus Anastasi
III.

  
5
      
Ibid.,
IV.

  
6
      Gardiner, ‘The Delta Residence of the Ramessides', p. 136.

  
7
      Waddell,
Manetho,
p. 83.

  
8
      Gunn & Gardiner, ‘New Renderings of Egyptian Texts', p. 49.

  
9
      Gardiner, ‘Delta Residence', p. 185.

10
      Naville, ‘The Geography of the Exodus', p. 22.

11
      Clédat, ‘Le Site d'Avaris', pp. 185–201.

12
      Although the cross inside the circle is not found in all cases, this may be the result of weathering or error by the. scribe.

13
      Clédat, ‘Notes sur l'Isthme de Suez', p. 58.

12      AKHENATEN: THE EARLY YEARS

  
1
      Harris & Weeks,
X-Raying the Pharaohs,
p. 144.

  
2
      Hayes, ‘Inscriptions', p. 159.

  
3
      Björkman, ‘Neby, the Mayor of Tjaru', p. 51.

  
4
      
Č
erný,
Hieratic Inscriptions from the Tomb of Tutankhamun,
p. 2.

13      HORIZON OF THE ATEN

  
1
      Davies,
The Rock Tombs of el-Amarna,
Part V, p. 30.

  
2
      
Ibid.,
p. 29.

  
3
      Schulman, ‘Military Background of the Amarna Period', p. 52.

  
4
      
Ibid.,
p. 66.

  
5
      This will be the subject of a separate work, but the similarity of the names of the Aten priests and those of the followers of Moses is dealt with briefly in Chapter Nineteen.

  
6
      Schulman, ‘Military Background', p. 67.

  
7
      Pritchard,
Ancient Near Eastern Texts,
p. 251.

14      THE TOMB OF AKHENATEN

  
1
      Martin,
The Royal Tomb at el-Amarna,
Part 1.

  
2
      
Ibid.,
p. 104.

  
3
      
Ibid.,
p. 30.

  
4
      
Ibid.,
p. 105.