Murderous Minds (41 page)

2.
Background information about life in Italy during the late 19th century is derived from Rapczynski, J. 1999. The Italian Immigrant Experience in America (1870-1920) in
Immigration and American Life
. Yale University: Yale-New Haven Teachers Institute,
http://www.yale.edu/ynhti/
(Accessed 8/14/2013).

3.
Lombroso-Ferrero, G. Op. cit., p. 54.

4.
Ibid.

5.
Glenn, A. L,
et al.
2007. Early temperamental and psychophysiological precursors of adult psychopathic personality.
Journal of Abnormal Psychology
. 116: 508–518.

6.
Viding, E. 2005. Evidence for substantial genetic risk for psychopathy in 7-year-olds.
Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry
. 46(6): 592–597 and Frick,
P. J. and White, F. S. 2008. Research Review: The importance of callous-unemotional traits for developmental models of aggressive and antisocial behavior.
Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry
. 49(4): 359–375.

7.
Viding, E. 2013. Callous-Unemotional Traits in Children, Researchers Identify Link to Severe and Violent Antisocial Behavior.
Observer
. 26(8).
http://www.psychologicalscience.org/index.php/publications/observer/2013/october-13/callous-unemotional-traits-in-children.html
. Accessed 10/2/2013.

8.
Giedd, J. N.,
et al.
2009. Anatomical Brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Typically Developing Children and Adolescents.
Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
. 48(5): 465–470.

9.
It would be a great help to neuroscience if more people left their brains to a brain bank when they no longer needed them. Hint: Harvard Brain Tissue Resource Center, McLean Hospital, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA 02478. Phone: 1-800-BRAIN BANK (1-800-272-4622). Email:
[email protected]

10.
Marsh, A. A. 2008. Reduced amygdala response to fearful expressions in children and adolescents with callous-unemotional traits and disruptive behavior disorders.
American Journal of Psychiatry
. 165(6): 712–20.

11.
Jones, A. P.,
et al.
2009. Amygdala hypoactivity to fearful faces in boys with conduct problems and callous-unemotional traits.
American Journal of Psychiatry
. 166(1): 95–102.

12.
De Brito, S. A.,
et al.
2009. Size matters: increased grey matter in boys with conduct problems and callous-unemotional traits.
Brain
. 132(4): 843–852.

13.
Haederle, M. 2010. A Mind of Crime. How brain-scanning technology is redefining criminal culpability.
Miller-McCune
. February 23.

14.
Caldwell, M.,
et al.
2006. Treatment Response of Adolescent Offenders with Psychopathy.
Criminal Justice and Behavior
. 33(5): 571–596.

15.
Kahn, J. 2012. Can You Call a 9-Year-Old a Psychopath?
The New York Times Magazine
. May 11.

16.
Meffert, H.,
et al.
Reduced spontaneous but relatively normal deliberate vicarious representations in psychopathy.
Brain
: 136(8): 2550–2562.

17.
Doole, K. Brain research shows psychopathic criminals do not lack empathy, but fail to use it automatically. Press release by Oxford University Press. July 24, 2013.

18.
Feynman, R.,
et al.
1964.
The Feynman Lectures on Physics, Vol. 1: Mainly Mechanics, Radiation, and Heat
. Reading, Massachusetts: Addison-Wesley Publishing Group. p. 7–2.

CHAPTER ELEVEN: WHY DO WE HAVE TO DEAL WITH THESE PEOPLE? EXPLAINING CRIMINAL PSYCHOPATHS TO JURIES AND DARWINISTS

1.
Marean, C. W. 2010. When the Sea Saved Humanity.
Scientific American
. July 21.

2.
Kessler, R. C.,
et al.
2005. Prevalence, severity, and comorbidity of twelvemonth DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R).
Archives of General Psychiatry
. 62(6): 617–627.

3.
Ward, T. and Durrant, R. 2011. Evolutionary behavioural science and crime:

Aetiological and intervention implications.
Illegal and Criminal Psychology
. 16(2): 193–210.

4.
Glenn, A. L.,
et al.
2011. Evolutionary theory and psychopathy.
Aggression and Violent Behavior
. 16 (5): 371–380.

5.
Buss, D. M. 2009. How can evolutionary psychology successfully explain personality and individual differences?
Perspectives on Psychological Science
. 4(4): 359–366.

6.
Murphy, D. and Stich, S. 2000. Darwin in the Madhouse: Evolutionary Psychology and the Classification of Mental Disorders
in
Carruthers, P. and Chamberlain, A. (editors)
Evolution and the Human Mind: Modularity, Language and Meta-Cognition
.

7.
Glenn, A. R.,
et al.
Op. cit.

8.
Ibid. (Also see Buss, D. M. Op. cit.)

9.
Crawford, A. The Pros to Being a Psychopath.
Smithsonian
. October 29, 2012.

10.
Dutton, K. 2012.
The Wisdom of Psychopaths: What Saints, Spies and Serial Killers Can Teach Us About Success
. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.

11.
Abbott, A. 2007. Scanning Psychopaths.
Nature
: 450: 942–944.

12.
Karpman, B. 1948. The Myth of the Psychopath.
American Journal of Psychiatry
. 104(9): 523–534.

13.
Hiatt, K. D.,
et al.
2004. Stroop Tasks Reveal Abnormal Selective Attention Among Psychopathic Offenders.
Neuropsychology
. 18(1): 50–59.

14.
Dutton, K. 2012.
The Wisdom of Psychopaths: What Saints, Spies and Serial Killers Can Teach Us About Success
. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. pp. 66–69.

15.
Gregory, T. 2009. The Victims, Confronting Dugan Gives Them a Boost.
Chicago Tribune
. November 12. The account of Brian Dugan’s crimes and material contained in FBI files relating to them are based on reporting in
Chicago Tribune
, and the
Daily Herald
.

16.
Gregory, T. and Barnum, A. 2009. The girl who got away.
Chicago Tribune
. October 22.

17.
Rakoczy, M. 2009. The girl who got away: Opal Horton escaped from Brian Dugan, who abducted and killed her friend.
Chicago Tribune (Triblocal Naperville)
. October 22.
http://www.triblocal.com/naperville/2009/10/22/the-girl-who-got-away-opal-horton-escaped-from-brian-dugan-whoabducted-and-killed-her-friend/
. Accessed 10/3/2013.

18.
Barnum, A. 2009. Brian Dugan sentencing hearing: Friend of slain girl Melissa Ackerman tells of 1985 abduction.
Chicago Tribune
. October 22.

19.
Gregory, T. and Barnum, A. Op. cit.

20.
Gutowski, C. 2007. Inside the FBI files of Brian Dugan.
Daily Herald
. (Arlington Heights, IL). January 7.

21.
Gutowski, C. 2007. Op. cit.

22.
Daily Herald Staff Report. 2009. Dugan’s criminal background.
Daily Herald
. (Arlington Heights, IL). November 5.
http://web.archive.org/web/20100206010412/http://dailyherald.com/story/?id=308729
. Accessed 10/20/2013.

23.
Gutowski, C. 2009. Strange mind of a killer: Researcher says Dugan rare psychopath.
Daily Herald
. (Arlington Heights, IL). November 6.

24.
Gutowski, C. 2007. Op. cit.

25.
Barnum, A. 2009. Guilty, 26 years after Jeanine Nicarico vanished from home, Brian Dugan confesses to her rape and murder.
Chicago Tribune
. July 29.

26.
Gutowski, C. 2009. Op. cit.

27.
Ibid.

28.
Haederle, M. 2010. A Mind of Crime. How brain-scanning technology is redefining criminal culpability.
Miller-McCune
. February 23.

29.
Gregory, T. 2009. Jeanine Nicarico murder case: Brian Dugan sentencing focuses on psychopathy.
Chicago Tribune
. November 8.

30.
Ibid.

31.
Ibid.

32.
Sukel, K. 2011. Will Neuroscience Challenge the Legal Concept of Criminal Responsibility? The Dana Foundation. file:///C:/Users/Owner/Documents/ Psychopathy/Will%20Neuroscience%20Challenge%20the%20Legal%20 Concept%20of%20Criminal%20Responsibility%20%20-%20Dana%20 Foundation.htm. Accessed 8/3/2013.

33.
Interview with Robert Hare. June 7, 2013, Washington, D.C.

34.
Yurkiewicz, I. 2010. “My Brain Made Me Do It:” Can Neuroimaging Undermine the Case for Criminal Punishment?
PBJ, Pen Bioethics Journal
. 6(2): 14–15.

35.
Comments made during discussion of
Controversial Issues in Psychopathy Research
at the 5Th Biannual Meeting of the Society for the Scientific Study of Psychopathy, June 6, 2013.

36.
Ibid.

37.
Sukel, K. Op. cit.

38.
Haederle, M. Op. cit.

39.
Carey, B. 2012. Study of Judges Finds Evidence From Brain Scans Led to Lighter Sentences.
International New York Times
. August 16.

40.
Aspinwall, L. G.,
et al.
2012. The Double-Edged Sword: Does Biomechanism Increase or Decrease Judges’ Sentencing of Psychopaths?
Science
. 337(6096): 846–849.

41.
Carey, B. Op. cit.

EPILOGUE: A LITTLE “BIG SCIENCE”

1.
NIH, Estimates of Funding for Various Research, Condition, and Disease Categories (RCDC)
http://report.nih.gov/categorical_spending.aspx
. Accessed 10/23/2013.

2.
Neumann, C. S. 2012. Will the Real Psychopath Please Stand Up? University
of North Texas Research Profiles.
http://research.unt.edu/research-profiles/Will-real-psychopath-please-stand
. Accessed 11/21/2013.

3.
Kiehl, K. A. and Buckholtz, J. W. 2010. Inside the Mind of a Psychopath.
Scientific American Mind
. September/October. p. 24.

4.
Abbott, A. 2013. Neuroscience: Solving the brain.
Nature
. 499(7458): 272.

5.
Macilwain, M. 2013. Biology Boom Goes Bust.
Cell
. 154(1): 16–19.

6.
Skeem, J. L.,
et al.
2011. Psychopathic Personality: Bridging the Gap Between Scientific Evidence and Public Policy.
Psychological Science in the Public Interest
: 12(3): 95–162.

Figure Credits

Figure 1. Left: Hervey Cleckley: Image Provided Courtesy of the National Library of Medicine. Right: Robert Hare: Photo: Stuart McCall/North Light.

Figure 2. Lombroso-Ferrero, G. 1911.
Criminal Man According to the Classification of Cesare Lombroso
. New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons. p. 57.

Figure 3. Top: © Mcarrel | Dreamstime.com. Reprinted by permission. Bottom: With permission of Paul Wicks, Wikimedia Commons
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:OFC.JPG

Figure 4. Photo courtesy of the Mind Research Network.

Figure 5. Aharoni, E. Neuroprediction of Future Rearrest.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
(PNAS). Published online before print March 27, 2013, doi: 10.1073/pnas.1219302110. Reprinted with permission of the PNAS

Figure 6. Courtesy of the Laboratory of Neuro Imaging and Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Consortium of the Human Connectome Project.
www.humanconnectomeproject.org
.

Figure 7. Marazziti, D.,
et al.
2013. The neurobiology of moral sense: facts or hypotheses?
Annals of General Psychiatry
: 12(6): Published online 2013 March 6.

Figures 8, 9, 10, and 11. Courtesy of Charles C. Ouimet, Ph.D., Professor and Faculty Scholar, Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, The Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida.

Figure 12. Geoff B Hall. Wikimedia Commons. Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication

Figure 13. Harenski, C.L.,
et al.
(2010) Aberrant neural processing of moral violations in criminal psychopaths.
Journal of Abnormal Psychology
. 119(4): 863–874. Supplementary Material reprinted with permission of the author and the American Psychological Association.

Figure 14. Federal Bureau of Investigation, FBI Records: The Vault. Columbine High School Part 1 of 4

Acknowledgments

Marie Culver supported this work by providing resources, excellent advice and encouragement long before I had an agent and through the research and writing phases of this project. Charles Ouimet, Ph.D., spent hours preparing photographic illustrations of the human brain for this book. He also shared his expertise repeatedly over the years and commented on the manuscript. He always made time to answer numerous questions despite his heavy work load. Anna Millhauser applied her outstanding editing skills to improve much of the manuscript. Kenneth Hoffman took the time to read the work-in-progress twice and provide insightful comments and useful suggestions which improved the book. He also shared his experiences working with people in the criminal justice system which expanded my understanding of criminal and psychopathic behavior. I am grateful to them all.

Several researchers and experts in the field of psychopathy made time in their schedules to answer my questions, several on more than one occasion. These include Robert Hare, Ph.D., Kent Kiehl, Ph.D., Christopher Patrick, Ph.D., Frank Ochberg, M.D, Craig Bennett Ph.D., Michael Stone, M.D., James Fallon, Ph.D., Dr. Park Dietz and Mary Ellen O’Toole Ph.D. Dr. Fallon also offered to share his anatomical expertise. Nathan Arbuckle, Ph.D and Matthew S. Shane, Ph.D. shared information about their research. Dr. Hare kindly sponsored my application for Affiliate
membership in the Society for the Scientific Study of Psychopathy. I alone am responsible for any errors in the text.