Mutants (53 page)

Bobey, John Richardson Primrose 258

Bonaparte, Napoleon 47, 164, 195

bone(s) 138–40, 140, 160; excess 140–4; growth of 144–6, 153–4; missing 137–8, 140;
see also
arms; legs

bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) 139–40, 141, 144, 280; BMP4 42, 44, 102

Bontius, Jacob: Orang (in
Historia naturalis Indiae Orientalis)
249
, 250

Borboutin, Isalina 173

Boruwlaski, Joseph 170–5, 172, 176, 177

Bosch, Hieronymus 67

Botticelli, Sandro:
Mars and Venus
85

Brandenburg, Electress of 170

Brandt, Alexander 284–5

Brazilians: acheiropodic
114
, 114–15; and beauty 352, 356

BRCA1 (gene) 300

breasts 286, 287; cancer gene 300; extra
289
, 289–90, 292

British aristocracy, height of 210–11

Browne, Sir Thomas 30, 35;
Pseudodoxia epidemica
… 8, 91;
Religio medici
9, 313

Buffon, Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de 17, 31, 170, 189, 350;
Histoire naturelle…21, 57
, 251, 252, 253, 255,
256
, 257–8

bumblebee bats 190

Burckhardt, Jacob 311

Byrne, Charles
178
, 178–9, 207, 265

Caesar, Julius 283

Cafarelli (castrato) 200

Cain 71, 105–6

calf, cyclopic
73

caloric restriction 311–13, 314, 325

Camper, Petrus 340, 341, 350

cancers 299, 300, 302, 314 321: and growth 204–7

Cantimpré, Thomas à:
De naturis rerum
70–1

Cape Malays 137–8, 140

cardiovascular disease 326, 328, 330–1;
see also
heart attacks

Carracci, Agostino:
Arrigo Peloso, Pietro Matto e Amon Nano
269–70, 270, 273

Carracci, Annibale:
Omnia vincit Amor
85

cartilage 139, 140, 156, 158

castration/
castrati
199–201;
see also
eunuchs

catalase 317

cats: toes 121

Cazotte, Marc (‘Pepin’)
103, 119
, 119–20

CBFA1 (gene) 140

cells 35, 36, 41–2, 82–3, 126, 319–21; suicide of 116–17, 207

Chacrelats
249, 251

Chadwick, Edwin 211

Chair-Allah-Luigi 186–8,
187

Charles I, of England 9, 10

Chesnet, Dr 221–2

chickens: embryo experiments 47–8, 59–60, 77, 113, 117, 122–3, 124, 280; and teeth 288

childhood mortality rates 329–30

Chinese, the 201, 210, 268, 350

cholesterol 234, 326

chondrocytes 139, 140, 153–4, 156, 158

chordin 44, 102

chromosomes 13, 230–3, 317–18

cilia 58, 59

Cleopatra xv

‘Cleppie Bells’ 106–9, 115

clitoris, the 225–8, 227, 229; of pseudoher-maphrodites 221, 236, 237, 239

Cloetens, Elsje 298

clones 322–3

club-feet 109

collagens 158

collections, teratology 11, 12–13, 61–2, 65–6, 72, 78, 120, 143;
see also
Vrolik, Willem

Colloredo, Lazarus 53

Columbus, Renaldus 91, 225–6, 228

‘condensations’ 127–8, 139

consanguinous marriages 356

Cornaro, Luigi 295, 310–11;
Discorsi della vita sobria
309–11

Cotter, Patrick 178

Courier Français
26

Cracow, Monster of 6–7

craniometry
see
skulls

Crawfurd, John 273, 274, 275, 286

cretins/cretinism 194–6, 197, 198, 352; myxedematous 195,
195

Cro-Magnon man 191

Cushing’s disease 263–4

Cuvier, Baron Georges 26, 46, 101

Cyclopes 68–9,
70
, 70–1

cyclopia/cyclopic children 67–9, 71–3, 72, 74, 74–5, 78–9, 83

CYP26A1 (gene) 80, 82

Daru, the
see
Taron, the

Darwin, Charles:
The descent of man
267, 286, 287, 349–51;
The variation of animals and plants under domestication
131–2

de Camio Scipion, Via?eslav Michailovi? 122

‘Derbyshire neck’ 197

dermis: and hair 278–80

Devonian swamp-beasts 132–3

Devonshire, Duke and Duchess of 174, 177

DHT
see
dihydroxytestosterone

diabetes (type 2) 339

diet: and growth 209–11; and longevity 309–13, 325

digits (fingers; toes) 117, 121, 122–4, 128; extra
see
Polydactyly; fused
128,141; missing 128; webbed 117

dihydroxytestosterone (DHT) 238, 244, 284

Disorganisation (mouse mutant) 96–7

DNA 13–14, 40, 80, 314

dogs 121, 206–8, 287

‘Dolly’ (Sheep 6LL3) 322–3

Down’s syndrome 317–18

Dutch, the 141, 209–10, 298, 312, 353

Duverney, Joseph-Guichard 30, 31

dwarfs/dwarfism 169–75, 176;
see also
achondroplasia, pituitary dwarfism, pseudoachondroplasia, pycnodysostosis

dyenin 58

ears 81
; see also
auricles

Eastlack, Harry Raymond 141–3,
142, 143

ectoderm 37, 278

ectodermal dysplasia 387

ectodysplasin 287, 288

ectrodactyly 107–9,
108
, 111, 115

Ecuador: dwarfs 176, 190

Efe, the 183, 327

Eisenhower, Dwight D. 281

‘Elephant Man, the’
see
Merrick, James

embryos, human 18, 31, 32, 94–5; development of 35–7, 40–4, 49–51, 58–9, 93–4, 112–13, 127–8, 228–9, 237–8, 260, 276–8

Emin Pasha 180,
180
, 185

Empéraire, Achille 159

ems (gene) 99

endoderm 37, 50

Eng and Chang (Siamese twins) 33, 45

epidermis: and hair 278–80

epigenesis/epigeneticists 31, 32, 47

estradiol 203, 239

estrogen, male 202–3, 239, 240

estrone 203, 239

eugenics programmes 282–3, 305

eumelanin 253, 265, 266

eunuchs 199, 201–2, 203, 282–3

eyelashes, extra 96

eyeless (gene) 99

Fabricius 9

Farinelli (Carlo Broschi) (castrato) 199–200

Farnese, Cardinal Odoardo 269

feet: club 109; missing
see
acheiropody; webbed 117;
see also
digits

Ferris, Jeffrey 298

Feunet, Jean-Pierre:
Lefabuleux destin d’Amélie Poulain
159

fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) 41, 116–17, 118, 120, 126–7, 154–7, 280

fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP) 141–4,
142, 143

fingers
see
digits

fish: cyclopic embryos 73; gills 86; and Hox genes 130; lobefinned 129–30; Medaka/scaleless 287–8; opercular bones 100; rays 129

Fontana, Lavinia:
Tognina Gonsalvus
271–2

FOP
see
fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva

Ford, Gerald 281

‘Frau Welt’ 5

Frederick II, of Austria 11

Frederick II, Archduke of Tyrol 271

free radicals 314–15, 316, 317, 318

Freud, Sigmund 226

Frey, Julia 164

fruit flies (
Drosophila)
74, 87–8, 92, 98–9, 101; caloric-restricted 312–13; and longevity 306–7, 315–17

FY gene 339

Gasseling, Mary 122–3

gastrula/gastrulation 36–7

Gegenbauer, Carl 132

Gehrig, Lou/Lou Gehrig disease 316

Genara (pygmy queen) 181

genetic variety 336–40, 345; disappearance of 346–7; in skulls 340–5, 342–3, 347

Geneviève (albino) 251, 252, 253, 254

genitalia 223–9; ambiguous 235–6, 240;
see
pseudoher-maphrodites; effect of chromosomes on 230–3; malformed 14, 128; of spotted hyenas 241–2

genome, human 15–16, 41, 42, 95, 101, 116

Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, Étienne 46–9, 62, 99–102

Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, Isidore 26, 47, 48, 169, 170;

Geranomachia
(war of the pygmies) 182, 184

Gérard, Marie/Germain 236

gigantism, pituitary 178, 178–9, 207, 265

‘glass bone disease’
see
osteogenesis imperfecta

goats: with extra auricles 84, 86; without forelimbs 112

Gobineau, Arthur, Comte de 262

Goethe, Johann von 49

goitres 196, 197, 198, 352

Goldschmidt, Richard 147

gonadotropin 303

gonads 18, 234;
see also
testes

Gonsalvus, Arrigo 269–71, 270

Gonsalvus, Petrus 271, 272, 272–3, 284, 285

Gonsalvus, Tognina 271–2

Gould, Stephen Jay 344, 346

Goya, Francisco de 119

Gratton, George Alexander 258, 259

Greek mythology 28, 68–9, 109, 181–3, 242;
see also
Artemis Ephesia, Homer

Greek vases
167
, 184–5

‘growth hormone’ 146, 175–6, 189, 203–4, 207, 212

growth rates, human 188–9, 202; and cancers 203–7;
see also
height

Guanches, the 271

Guéneau de Montbeillard, Count Philibert 189

guevedoche see
Salinas

Guilbert, Yvette 161, 164

guinea pigs: digits 121, 122

Gumilla, José:
Orinoco illustrado
258

H-Y antigens 232

hair 276–80, 281–2, 286, 287, 288; loss of 280–4;
see also
hairiness, red-haired people

hairiness/hirsutism/hypertrichosis lanuginosa 268–76, 270, 272, 277, 284–5, 286

Haldane, J.B.S. 298–9, 300, 301, 302

Hamburger, Viktor 147

Hamilton, James 282–3

Hands: ectrodactylous 107–9,
108
, 111, 115; missing
see
acheiropody;
see also
digits

Harvey, William 9–10;
De generatione animalium
10, 51

heart attacks 16, 300, 329

hearts, extra 95–6

‘hedgehog’ genes 41, 74–5; ‘sonic’ 74, 75–7, 76, 124–5, 284

height 188–9, 211–13; of eunuchs 201–2, 203; and longevity 208–9; and poverty 209–11; and testosterone receptors 235;
see also
dwarfism, gigantism, ‘growth hormone’, pygmies

Hensel, Brittany and Abigail (conjoined twins) 60–1

Hephaestus 109

hermaphrodites 222, 242;
see
pseudoher-maphrodites

Hermaphroditus Asleep
(after Poussin) 215

Hesiod:
Theogony
68

Hindus, toothless 286, 287

Hirst, B.C., and Piersol, G.A.:
Human monstrosities
5, 46, 74, 79

hirsutism
see
hairiness

Hkunungs, the 192

Hoefling, Rita 263–5

Hoefnagel, Georg:
Petrus family
271

holoprosencephaly 73, 74, 75

homeobox genes 89–90, 95

homeosis/homeotic genes 86–92, 97–9

Homer:
Odyssey
68, 78, 181, 182–3

Homo erectus
191

Homo neanderthalensis
191

Homo sapiens
247, 293

Homo troglodytes 249
, 249–50, 251

homologies/homologues 100–1, 102; and genitalia 223, 225, 228, 229

Hopi Indians: albinism 255

Hormones: melanocyte-stimulating 265–6; and sexuality 243–4,
see also
estrogens, testosterone;
see also
‘growth hormone’

Hottentots 350

Hox genes 92–4, 98, 126, 128, 129–31

Hufeland, Christian:
Markobiotik
311

Humiecka, Comtesse de 171

Hunter, John 179, 206

Hunterian Museum, 66, 178, 179, 206, 259

Huntington, George 298

Huntington disease 297–9, 300, 301, 303

Husserl, Edmund 45

Hyde, William: descendants 304–5

hydrogen peroxide 317

hyenas 240–2

hypertelorism syndrome 77

hypertrichosis lanuginosa 269–76, 270, 272, 277, 285, 286

Ibo, the: albinos 254

Ichthyostega
132–3

insulin-growth-factor (IGF) 189, 190, 203, 204; in dogs 206, 207; in nematode worms 324–5

Inuit, the 341, 342

iodine 196, 197, 198

‘Irish Giants’ 177–8;
see
Byrne, Charles

isotretinoin
80

Istanbul: eunuchs 201–2, 203, 282

Janin, Jules 26, 61

Jarawas 347

jaws 341

Johnson, Dr Samuel 182, 281

Joseph and Luka (conjoined twins) 60

Jost, Alexandre 233–4

Julius II, Pope 3, 4

Kaiser Wilhelm Institute, Berlin 146–7

Kakurlakos
249, 251, 253

Kartagener’s syndrome 56–8, 57, 60

Katie and Eilish (conjoined twins) 60

Kaunitz, Prince 171

Keibel, Franz:
Normentafel…93

Keith, Sir Arthur 179

Khoisans 341

Kiutzu, the 192

Kobelt, Georg Ludwig 227, 227

Kongbaungs, the 273–4

Kruk, island of 209

kyphosis 201

labia majora and minora 229

Laloo (Indian boy) 53

lambs, cyclopic 73–4

Lamy, Maurice 164

Landriot, Monsignor J.-F 221

Landucci, Lucca 3, 4

lanugo 285

legs 110–11, 112–13, 127–8, 139, 144; missing 112, 118–20,
119

lemurs: armpit breasts 290

Lenz, W. 118

Leonardo da Vinci xv; (attrib.) Cyclopia 72, 72

Leydig cells 234, 235

Liceti, Fortunio:
De monstrorum natura caussis et differentiis 1
, 6, 8,
63
, 71, 72

limbs
see
arms; legs

Linnaeus, Carl 340;
Fauna svecica
290–1,
291
, 292–3;
Systema naturae
247–50, 249, 262

Lisbey (a piebald) 258, 259, 259–60

Lisu, the 192

lobe-fins 129–30

longevity 304–5, 306, 308–9; and diet 309–13, 325; in fruit flies 306–7, 315; and height 208–9; and human genes 325–9; in nematode worms 323–5; and reproduction 307–8, 309

lungfish 129, 130

Luther, Martin 7

Lycosthenes, Conrad:
Prodigiorum
…(
The Doome
…) 6

McBride, William 118

McLaughlin, Margaret 106–7, 108–9

Madison, James 211

Magdeleine (a piebald) 258, 259

Magellan, Ferdinand 347