Mutants (54 page)

malaria 339, 352

mammary glands 287;
see
breasts

Mangold, Hilda (
née
Pröscholdt) 37–9, 44–5

Mangold, Otto 44, 146

Mani, Giovanni 186–7

Manoiloff, E.O.: ‘A rare case of hereditary hexadactylism’ 122

Maphoon 275–6, 277, 286

Margaret, Duchess of Parma 271

Maria Teresa and Maria de Jésus (conjoined twins) 60

Marie Antoinette 172

Marie Sabina (a piebald) 255, 256, 257–8, 259

Marie-Theresa, Empress 171

Maroteaux, Pierre 164

Maupertuis, Pierre-Louis Moreau de 31, 122

Mead, Margaret 243

Medawar, Sir Peter 40, 302, 303, 306

Medici, Catherine de 170

Megasthenes 69

Meibomian glands 96

Melanchthon, Philipp 7

melanocyte-stimulating hormone receptor (MC1R) 265–6, 267–8, 345

melanocytes 253, 260–1, 266

melanotropins 265–6

Mengele, Josef 147–8, 149, 151–2, 153

mermaid syndrome 78–82, 79

Merrick, James (‘the Elephant Man’) 205, 205–6

mesoderm 37, 39–40, 50, 92, 139, 278

messenger RNA 89

Mexican hairless dog 287

mice: boneless 140; caloric-restricted 311–12; and deletion of Hox genes 94, 131, 133; Disorganisation 96–7; dwarf 189–90; effects of age 322; with extra nipples 290; hair follicles 280, 282, 284; marsupial 308; ‘mermaid’ 79–80, 81–2; myostatin-defective 157; piebald 260; polydactylous strains 122; size and longevity 208; sonic-hedgehog-defective
75–6, 76, 125; telomerase-defective 321–2; telomeres of 322

Miniscalchi-Errizo, Count 187

miscarriages 354, 355

mitochondria 314

molecular switches
see
transcription factors

Molionides brothers (conjoined twins) 28

monozygotic (identical) twins 33–4

monsters 6–8, 9, 30–1;
see also
Ravenna, Cracow

Montaigne, Michel de 29, 236

‘moonlighters’ 317–18

Moreschi, Alessandro 201

‘morning after pill’ 94

morphogens 40, 75, 81, 82, 83, 123–4

mortality rates 329–31

Moskovitz, Yoshko 150

Mpho and Mphonyana (conjoined twins) 60

MTHFR (gene) 328

Mustapha, Domenico 200

myostatin 157

Naingvaws, the 192

Naples: Capodimonte Museum 269

neck auricles/ears/lobes
84
, 84–6, 85

negritos, Andaman Island 183–4,
184
, 341, 346–7

‘Nelson’s syndrome’ 264–5

nematode worms 102, 323–5; and longevity 312, 315–16, 324–5

neural crest cells 260–1

neural tube 50, 51, 66, 93, 94

neurons 42, 297, 317

newt embryos 38–9, 45

nipples, extra 289, 290, 304

noggin (protein) 40–2, 43, 141

Nsévoué (Aka pygmy) 186, 188

nucleotides 13, 298

Nungs, the 192, 194

nutrition
see
diet

O’Briens (‘Irish Giants’) 177–8

Onge, the 346

osteoblasts 138–9, 140, 144, 154, 160

osteoclasts 160, 161

osteogenesis imperfecta 158–9,
159
, 161

osteopetrosis 160–1, 164

osteoporosis 160, 164, 299

osteosarcoma 206, 207

‘ostrich-footed people’ 110

Ovid:
Ars amatoria
281;
Metamorphoses
xiii, 68, 69, 204–5

Ovitz, Elizabeth 148–53,
152

Ovitz, Rabbi Shimshon Isaac 149

Ovitz, Shimshon 151

‘P’ (protein) 254

Pakistan: consanguinous marriages 356

Pan Raping a Goat
(statue) 83–5,
84

Papua New Guinea 191, 351–2; the Sambia 236–7, 238, 244

parapagus diprosopus 53

paraquat 314–15

parasitism 53–4, 66

Paré, Ambroise 236;
Des monstres et prodiges 6
, 7, 28

Parodi, Ritta and Christina (conjoined twins) 23–4, 24, 25–7, 33, 47, 48, 49, 52, 53, 54, 55,
55
, 60, 61–2

Pearson, Karl:
A monograph on albinism in man
245, 249, 259, 259–60

penis, the 129, 223, 227, 228, 229, 236

‘Pepin’
see
Cazotte, Marc

peptides 158

Pepy II 183

Peter the Great 170

Petrucciani, Michel 159

phaeomelanin 253, 266

phocomelia 118–20,
119

piebalds 255, 256, 257–61, 259

pigs 121; ‘Ditto’ 77,
78
; without eyeballs 80

pituitary gland 175, 197, 198, 209; and dwarfism 175–6, 198,
see also
Boruwlaski, Joseph; and gigantism
178
, 178–9, 207, 265; tumors 179, 207, 264–5;
see also
‘growth hormone’

Pius X, Pope 201

Plato:
The symposium
242, 348

Pliny the Elder:
Historia naturalis
69, 182, 248, 254, 347

Polo, Marco 71

Polydactyly (extra fingers and toes) 111, 121–2, 123,
123
, 124–5, 131–3

polymastia
see
breasts, extra

polymorphisms 16–17, 327–8

Polyphemus (Cyclops) 68–9

preformationism 31–2

‘primitive streak’ 36

Pritchard, Captain B.E.A. 192

progerias 319, 323

prognathism 341, 342

Pröscholdt, Hilda
see
Mangold, Hilda

Proteus syndrome 204–6,
205

pseudoachondroplasia 149,
152
, 153, 154, 158;
see also
Ovitz, Elizabeth

pseudohermaphrodites 222, 234, 235–6, 238–9, 241, 244;
see also
Barbin, Herculine

Ptah-Pataikoi 154

PTEN 204

pycnodysostosis
163
, 164, 175

pygmies
180
, 180–8,
184, 187
, 189, 190–2, 327;
see also
Taron

Quatrefages, Armand de:
Crania ethica 333, 342–3; The pygmies
183,
187

rabbits: foetal studies 233–4

race(s): and balding 280; fabulous 69–71, 109–10; and skin colour,
see
apartheid;
see also
genetic variety

Ravenna, Monster of 3–6,
4
, 8

red-haired people 14, 265–8, 345

retinoic acid 80–2

ribs, extra 91–2, 97

Riebeeck, Jan van 298

‘Ritta-Christina’
see
Parodi, Ritta and Christina

Roberts’s syndrome 5, 6

Rodriguez, Clara and Altagracia 60

Röse (German dentist) 342–3

Rossetti, Dante Gabriel:
La Ghirlandata
345

RU486 (‘morning after pill’) 94

Rudolf II, Emperor of Austria 11, 271

Ruhe, Jacob 122

salamanders 132, 144–6

Salinas, Dominican Republic:
guevedoche
236, 237–8, 243–4

Sambia, the 236–7, 238, 244

Saunders, John 113, 117, 122–3

Scarry, Elaine 348

Schweinfurth, George August 181, 186, 188, 190;
The heart of Africa
188, 254

sclerostin/sclerosteosis 141, 300

scrotum, the 225, 229, 263;
see also
testes

Selk’nam, the 347,
348

Senesino (Francesco Bernardi) (castrato) 200,
200

Serres, Étienne 26, 61;
Recherches d’anatomie…24
, 26, 47, 49,
52
, 52–3

Sex-determining Region on Y
see
SRY

‘sex-reversed females’ 231–2, 233

‘sex-reversed males’ 233

sexual organs
see
genitals

sheep: ‘Dolly’ (cloned) 322–3; with extra nipples 304

Shwe-Maong 274–5, 276, 284, 285, 286

Siamese twins
see
twins, conjoined

Siebold, Carl von 284–5

sirenomelia 78–82, 79, 83

situs inversus 55–6, 58

skin 42, 278; colour 8, 253, 260, 261–2, 265, 268,
see also
albinism, apartheid, piebalds; wrinkled 318–19

skulls 137, 140–1, 144; shapes and measurements 340–5, 342–3, 347

snakes 97–8

SODs
see
superoxide dismutases

somites 92, 93, 98

‘sonic hedgehog’ gene 74, 75–7, 76, 124–5, 284

SOST mutation 300

South Africa: apartheid 262–4; Cape Malays 137–8, 140; extra-bone mutation 140–1; Huntington disease 298; sclerosteosis 300

Soviet leaders: and balding 281

Spallanzani, Lazzaro 145

Spemann, Hans 37–8, 39–40, 44, 45, 147

spina bifida 51–2, 58

‘split-hand-split-foot’ syndrome
108
, 108–9

SRY (Sex-determining Region on Y) 232–3, 234, 328, 329

Stanislaus, King of Poles 172, 174

Stendhal (Marie Henri Beyle) 219, 356

sterility 240

Strauss, Johann, the Younger 111–12

Sun Yaoting 201

sunlight: and skin 318–19

superoxide dismutases (SODs) 315–16

SOD1 mutations 316–18

Swammerdam, Jan 227

sweat glands 286, 287, 288

Sweden: mortality rates 329, 330, 331

synpolydactyly 128

tadpoles: and retinoic acid 81

Taron/Daru 192,
193
, 193–4, 195, 198

Taverne, M. (Burgomaster) 257–8

teeth 286–7, 288

telomerase 320–2, 323

telomeres 320–1, 322–3

teratology 8, 26

teratomas 54

testes/testicles 202, 203, 222

testosterone 203, 234, 235, 237–8, 239, 244; and baldness 282–4; effects on hyenas 241, 242

thalidomide 118–21

thanatophoric dysplasia
66, 135
, 156–7

Thibaut-Francesco 186–8,
187

thyroid gland 196–7, 198

thyrotropin 197–8

thyroxine 197

Tierra del Fuego: the Selk’nam 347,
348

Times, The
35

Tintoretto, Jacopo:
Luigi Cornaro 295
, 310

toes
see
digits

tongues, over-large 157

toothlessness 286, 287

Toulouse-Lautrec, Henri de 161–5,
163
, 267

transcription factors (molecular switches) 88–9, 95, 125, 126, 140

transforming growth factor-betas (TGFß) 41

Treffan, Comte de 172

Turlepreton
132–3

twins, conjoined 23, 27–35, 29, 45–6,
46
, 48–9, 53–4, 55–6, 60–1;
see also
Parodi, Ritta and Christina

Twitty, Victor Chandler 144–7, 153

two-toed people 109–10

Tyson, Edward 182–3, 250

ultraviolet light 318–19

United States of America: eugenics programmes 282–3; heights 209, 211–12, 213; presidents 211, 213, 281; skulls 343–4

Unthan, Hermann (‘The Armless Fiddler’) 111–12, 114

vagina, the 223, 224, 224, 225, 229

Verschuer, Otamar, Freiherr von 147, 148

vertebrae, human 91–3, 98

Vesalius, Andreas:
De fabrica
223–4, 224, 225

vestibular bulbs 226–7, 227

Victor Emmanuel II, of Italy 187

Vigenère, Blaise de:
Les images Philostratus 70

vitamin A 80

Vrolik, Willem: anatomical collection 65, 66–7, 78, 90–1, 156;
Tabula
…67–8, 72, 73, 119, 119–20,
135
, 156

Wadoma, the 110

Werner’s syndrome 319

Wigtown, Scotland 106, 107, 115

Wilding, Alexa 345

Williams, George 302, 303, 306, 307

Wilson, Margaret 106–7, 108

Winckelmann, Johann Joachim 350

Wright, Sewall 122

wrinkles 318–19

X chromosomes 230, 232, 233

Xiphopages 48

Y chromosomes 230–3

Yanomamo tribe 191

Zhang Deyi 268

‘zone of polarising activity’ (ZPA) 123, 124, 126

Zulu albinos
245
, 254

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