Native Seattle (49 page)

20.
Regina Hackett, “Heap of Birds’ ‘In Public’ Work Is Set Up,”
Seattle P-I
, 15 May 1991; Laurie Olin,
Breath on the Mirror: Seattle's Skid Road Community
(n.p., 1972), 33.

21.
Frank J. Clancy,
Doctor Come Quickly
(Seattle: Superior Publishing, 1950), 108; Morgan,
Skid Road
, 9; Jeffrey Lewis Dann, “A Study of an Indian Tavern on Skid Road” (M.A. thesis, University of Washington, 1967), 41, 44, 55; and interview with Bill Regan by Coll Thrush and Dana Cox, 6 December 1998, Oral History Collection, Northwest Lesbian and Gay History Museum Project Archives, Seattle. For other communities of Pioneer Square and Skid Road, see Paul De Barros,
Jackson Street After Hours: The Roots of Jazz in Seattle
(Seattle: Sasquatch Books, 1993); Don Paulson, with Roger Simpson,
An Evening at the Garden of Allah: A Gay Cabaret in Seattle
(New York: Columbia University Press, 1996); and Ron Chew, ed.,
Reflections of Seattle's Chinese Americans: The First 100 Years
(Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1994).

22.
Morgan,
Skid Road
, 9; Dann, “Study of an Indian Tavern,” 5, 24, 27, 36–37, 43–66, 75–84, 129; Jackie Swanson, personal communication.

23.
Morgan,
Skid Road
, 9; Dann, “Study of an Indian Tavern,” 5, 24, 27, 36–37, 43–66, 75–84, 129; John Graham and Company,
Pioneer Square Redevelopment
(Seattle: n.p., 1966); “Skid Road Shelter Program Quietly Ends,”
Seattle Times
, 1 April 1976; and Olin,
Breath on the Mirror
, 14.

24.
John Graham and Company,
Pioneer Square Redevelopment
. See also Sohyun Park Lee, “From Redevelopment to Preservation: Downtown Planning in Post-war Seattle” (Ph.D. diss., University of Washington, 2001).

25.
“More Police Promised for Pioneer Square Area,”
Seattle Times
, 12 June 1969; James P. Spradley,
You Owe Yourself a Drunk: An Ethnography of Urban Nomads
(Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 1970), 142; John Graham and Company,
Pioneer Square Redevelopment
; “Seattle's Success Story Recycling Skid Row,”
Phoenix Gazette
, 14 June 1978; and David Hamer,
History in Urban Places: The
Historic Districts of the United States
(Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1998), 94.

26.
The ordinances in question are nos. 98552, 98868, 102901, and 103655. Joseph P. Churchill, “Skid Row in Transition” (M.A. thesis, University of Washington, 1976), 19–22; Skid Road Study Committee,
Report
; Skid Road Community Council,
Changes in Downtown Seattle: 1960–1974
(Seattle: Skid Road Community Council, 1974), 1; and “Skid Road Shelter Program Quietly Ends,”
Seattle Times
, 1 April 1976. For background on SRO hotels, see Charles Hoch and Robert A. Slayton,
New Homeless and Old: Community and the Skid Row Hotel
(Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1989); and Paul Groth,
Living Downtown: The History of Residential Hotels in the United States
(Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1994). For the politics of Seattle's downtown streets, see Timothy A. Gibson,
Securing the Spectacular City: The Politics of Revitalization and Homelessness in Downtown Seattle
(Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2004).

27.
Skid Road Study Committee,
Report
; Rupp and Randlett,
Art in Seattle's Public Places
, 5, 23, 296; and Nard Jones,
Seattle
(Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1972), 266.

28.
J. A. Correa, “The City,”
Northwest Indian News
, February/March 1972; Olin,
Breath on the Mirror
, 28, 32; and Earle Thompson, “Injun Blues,”
Seattle Real Change
, February 1999.

29.
David Horsey, “Is It Really Art?”
Seattle P-I
, 28 July 1991; Ben Jacklet, “A Hard Life: A Week in the Life of Some of Seattle's Urban Indians,”
Seattle Stranger
, 9 October 1997.

30.
Interview with Marilyn Bentz.

31.
Cathy Duchamp, “The Urban Indian Experience,” KUOW National Public Radio, 13 January 2004, transcripts at
www.kuow.org
.

32.
“Equality in Seattle Is Indians' Message,”
Seattle P-I
, 12 March 1970; Brenda Dunn, “The Indian Arts Center That Nobody Thought Would Happen,”
Seattle Weekly
, 18 May 1977; David A. Fahrenthold, “People's Lodge Draws Foes,”
Seattle Times
, 13 July 1998; and James Bush, “Edifice Complex,”
Seattle Weekly
, 29 January 1999, 15.

33.
Bernie Whitebear, “My Brother the Eagle Knows the Truth,”
Seattle Times
, 19 November 1998.

10 / The Returning Hosts

1.
Alki Women's Improvement Club, Centennial Revue program, Badcon Collection, MOHAI; “Original City Charter Shown,”
Seattle P-I
, 13 November 1951; “Alki Landing Reenacted; Throng to See M'Arthur,”
Seattle P-I
, 13 November 1951;
and William Schulze, “Landing at Alki Reenacted, and ‘Capsule’ Buried,”
Seattle P-I
, 14 November 1951.

2.
“Congratulates Seattle; Sounds Warning on Foreign Aggression,”
Seattle P-I
, 14 November 1951. Ted Best recalled the impact of the national broadcast in a 1955 issue of the West Seattle Commercial Club newsletter, Badcon Collection, MOHAI. For connections between frontier mythology and Cold War ideology, see Richard Slotkin,
Gunfighter Nation: The Myth of the Frontier in Twentieth-Century America
(New York: Atheneum, 1992); and Richard Drinnon,
Facing West: The Metaphysics of Indian-Hating and Empire-Building
(Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1980).

3.
Dorothy Hart, “A Look Forward,”
Seattle P-I
, 11 November 1951.

4.
Murray Morgan,
Century 21: The Story of the Seattle World's Fair, 1962
(Seattle: Acme Press, 1963); Don Duncan,
Meet Me at the Center
(Seattle: Seattle Center Foundation, 1992); and
Official Guide Book: Seattle World's Fair, 1962
(Seattle: Acme Publications, 1962). See also John M. Findlay,
Magic Lands: Western Cityscapes and American Culture after 1940
(Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1992).

5.
Ernest Callenbach,
Ecotopia: The Notebooks and Reports of William Weston
(Berkeley: Banyan Tree Books, 1975).

6.
See Klingle, “Urban by Nature”; and Sale,
Seattle, Past to Present
.

7.
For overviews of 1970s reworkings of the speech, see Bierwert, “Remembering Chief Seattle”; and Furtwangler,
Answering Chief Seattle
.

8.
Thomas Berry,
The Dream of the Earth
(San Francisco: Sierra Club Books, 1988), 173.

9.
“Nine of Ten Netted: METRO Perturbed as Indians Block Salmon Spawning Run,”
Seattle Times
, 20 September 1963.

10.
Interview with Gilbert King George, MIT; “A Brief History of the United Indians of All Tribes Foundation,” Pamphlet Files, MSCUA; interview with Bernice White by Coll Thrush and Warren King George, 25 June 2004, Green River Project, MIT; and “Informing Our Fellow Citizens,”
Indian Center News
, 2 November 1965.

11.
For one example, see American Friends Service Committee,
Uncommon Controversy: Fishing Rights of Muckleshoot, Puyallup, and Nisqually Indians
(Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1972). The text of the 1987 church apology can be found at the website of the Washington Association of Churches,
www.thewac.org/ Apology%201987.htm
.

12.
Lee Moriwaki, “Indian Fishermen's Worries Could Sink West Seattle Marina Project,”
Seattle Times
, 20 August 1982; Brad O'Connor, “Sports-Fishing Preserve Carved Out of Elliott Bay,”
Seattle P-I
, 2 October 1988; and “Protecting a Steelhead Run: Muckleshoots Set Fine Conservation Example,”
Seattle Times
, 25 January 1989.

13.
Richard Seven, “A Snarly Problem in Ship Canal,”
Seattle Times
, 8 October 1987; Peter Lewis, “Marina Plan Gets Its Permit, but Tribes Pledge Court Fight,”
Seattle Times
, 25 July 1987; Robert T. Nelson, “Permit Is Reissued for Marina,”
Seattle Times
, 17 March 1988; Steve Miletich, “Tribes Win Halt to Work on Magnolia Bluff Marina,”
Seattle P-I
, 2 July 1988; and Gil Bailey, “Magnolia Marina Agreement,”
Seattle P-I
, 10 November 1989. For the listing of local salmon runs under the Endangered Species Act, see Klingle, “Urban by Nature.” For the sea lion hunt, see M. L. Lyke, “Tribe's Sea Lion Hunt Adds to Saga,”
Seattle P-I
, 30 June 1997.

14.
Lewis Kamb, “Boldt Ruling's Effects Felt around the World,”
Seattle P-I
, 12 February 2004; and Erik Lacitis, “We ‘Have No Culture Left,’”
Seattle Times
, 17 July 1976.

15.
Fred Brack, “Port Charged with ‘Razing’ Unique Site,”
Seattle P-I
, 13 July 1976; “Artifacts to Delay Port Plan 3 Years,”
Seattle Times
, 24 February 1977; Don Page, “Diggin’ the Dirt along Duwamish,”
Seattle P-I
, 13 March 1977; and Erik Lacitis, “No Single Culprit in Duwamish Probe,”
Seattle Times
, 28 July 1976.

16.
Erik Lacitis, “We ‘Have No Culture Left,’”
Seattle Times
, 17 July 1976; Terry Tafoya, “Minority Voices: Indian ‘Roots’ Uncovered on Duwamish,”
Seattle P-I
, 26 February 1977; “Uncovering Seattle's Hidden History,”
Seattle P-I
, 22 February 1977; and Pablo Lopez, “Archaeologists Dug Up Artifacts That Could Help Duwamish Tribe,”
Seattle P-I
, 7 June 1986.

17.
Solveig Torvik, “A History at West Point,”
Seattle P-I
, 8 May 1994; Dee Norton, “Artifacts Found; Trade Center Work Suspended,”
Seattle Times
, 5 February 1998; Dee Norton, “Duwamish Complain of Snub over Artifacts,”
Seattle Times
, 6 February 1998; Suky Hutton, “Construction Unearths Duwamish Remains,”
On Indian Land
, Spring 1998; and Alex Tizon, “Work Resumes at World Trade Center Site Where Bones Were Found,”
Seattle Times
, 25 February 1998.

18.
Hector Castro and Mike Barber, “After Decades, Duwamish Tribe Wins Federal Recognition,”
Seattle P-I
, 20 January 2001; Bernard McGhee, “Duwamish Tribe Wins Recognition,”
Seattle Times
, 20 January 2001; Bureau of Indian Affairs, “BIA Issues Final Determination on the Recognition of the Duwamish Tribal Organization,” news release, 19 January 2001; Sara Jean Green, “Chief Seattle's Tribe Clings to Its Identity,”
Seattle Times
, 18 June 2001; and Susan Gilmore, “Duwamish Denied Tribal Status,”
Seattle Times
, 29 September 2001.

19.
Stuart Eskenazi, “Settling Seattle Again: Founding Families Pay Tribute to Duwamish Tribe's Support,”
Seattle Times
, 14 November 2001.

20.
Jerry Large, “Interpretation of History Depends on Perspective,”
Seattle Times
, 18 November 2001; “Seattle Marks 150th Anniversary in Pouring Rain,”
www.komotv.com
, 13 November 2001; Paul Shukovsky, “Ballard Locks' Creation Left Tribe High and Dry,”
Seattle P-I
, 24 November 2001; and D. Parvaz, “Duwamish Share Lessons of the Water with Others: Canoe Paddle a Tribute to Harmony with White Settlers,”
Seattle P-I
, 29 August 2002.

21.
Pioneer Association of the State of Washington, “A Petition to Support Recognition of the Duwamish Indians as a Tribe,” 18 June 1988, reprinted at
www.historylink.org
; Paul Shukovsky, “Tribal Fate in Hands of a Few Federal Employees,”
Seattle P-I
, 24 November 2001; Stuart Eskenazi, “Reversal of Tribe's Status Blasted,”
Seattle Times
, 11 January 2002; Stuart Eskenazi, “Duwamish Tribe's Recognition Hangs on a Small Technicality,”
Seattle Times
, 5 March 2002; Paul Shukovsky, “Religious Leaders Back Recognition for Duwamish Tribe,”
Seattle P-I
, 14 March 2002; Paul Shukovsky, “Decision Is Death Knell for Duwamish,”
Seattle P-I
, 11 May 2002; Stuart Eskenazi, “Duwamish Mull Next Move,”
Seattle Times
, 14 May 2002; and Paul Shukovsky, “Duwamish Will Take Their Case for Recognition to Congress,”
Seattle P-I
, 9 July 2002.

22.
Sara Jean Green, “Chief Seattle's Tribe Clings to Its Identity,”
Seattle Times
, 18 June 2001. For additional discussion of the Duwamish case within the broader context of “nonrecognized” indigenous peoples, see Bruce Granville Miller,
Invisible Indigenes: The Politics of Nonrecognition
(Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2002), 94–97.

23.
Seattle, Her Faults and Her Virtues
(ca. 1925), quoted in Carlos A. Schwantes,
The Pacific Northwest: An Interpretive History
(Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1996), 1.