Neanderthal Man (42 page)

Bougainville,
245
–
247

Brajković, Dejana,
130
,
132

Brain size,
219

Briggs, Adrian,
147
(fig.),
171
,
228
,
239
–
242

AAAS conference,
166

background,
114
–
115

comparing Denisova and modern genomes,
246

454 process,
117
,
119

increasing Neanderthal DNA proportions,
148

increasing sequencing efficiency,
122

Brigham Young University, Utah,
58
–
60

Broad Institute,
164
–
165
,
171

Bronze Age humans,
52
,
76

Burbano, Hernan,
147
(fig.)

Bustamante, Carlos,
249

California Polytechnic State
University,
58

Cannibalism,
131
–
132

Cano, Raul,
58

Carmel mountains, Israel,
197

Cartilage, DNA remains in,
30
,
30
(fig.),
54
–
55

Cavalli-Sforza, Luca,
93

Cave-bear bones,
76
–
78
,
97
,
99
–
101
,
103
–
104
,
109
–
113

Cell
journal,
18
–
21
,
79
,
165

Cetus Corporation,
40
–
41

Chimpanzees,
89
–
90
,
183

ancestral and derived alleles,
176

cognitive development,
207

common ancestor of humans and,
93
(fig.),
169

comparing human genome and chimpanzee genome,
4

comparing Neanderthal, modern human and ape genomes,
182

competition for reproduction,
212

genetic variation,
79
,
93
–
94

reconstructing the ancestral
genome,
169

reference for Neanderthal genome mapping,
155
–
156

See also
Apes; Gorillas

Chinese genome

comparing, Neanderthal, African, and Chinese genomes,
177

Denisovan SNPs,
244

mapping gene flow,
194
–
195

Neanderthal nucleotide matches,
183

sequencing modern genomes,
185
–
186
,
189

Chromosome
17
inversion,
166
–
167

Church, George,
252
–
253

Clean room procedures,
52
–
57
,
87
–
88
,
87
(fig.)

Clegg, J.B.,
55

Cloning

bacterial cloning,
25
,
109
–
111
,
114
–
115
,
121
–
122
,
128

bringing a Neanderthal to life,
252

Cetus Corporation processes,
40

Croatian Neanderthal samples,
78
–
79

independent verification,
14
–
18

mammoth remains,
101
–
103

mummy DNA,
32
–
35

Native American remains,
71

Oetzi, the Ice Man,
69
–
70

PCR process,
8
–
12

quagga DNA,
34
,
40
–
41

reconstruction of Neanderthal mtDNA,
11
(fig.)

thylacine data,
44
–
45

transplantation antigens,
24

See also
Polymerase chain reaction

Cognitive development,
205
–
207

Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory,
37
–
38
,
43
–
44
,
116
,
120
,
219

Common ancestors

Denisova mtDNA data,
229

Denisovans and Neanderthals,
243
–
244
,
247
–
248

fossil data,
95

humans and chimpanzees,
169
–
171
,
182

humans and great apes,
93
(fig.),
94

Mitochondrial Eve,
13
(fig.),
14
–
15
,
88

modern humans and Neanderthals,
72
–
73
,
78
,
91

separation of humans and chimpanzees,
169
–
171

sloths,
66
–
67

using the chimpanzee as reference for Neanderthal genome mapping,
155
–
156

Wilson’s research,
41

Comrie, Bernard,
83
–
84

Consensus nucleotide,
10

Conservation genetics,
56

Contamination

as obstacle to Neanderthal genome mapping,
155
–
156

bacterial cloning versus 454 process,
150
–
151

clean room procedures,
52
–
57
,
87
–
88
,
87
(fig.)

collecting El Sidrón bones,
137

Denisova Cave remains,
230
–
231
,
239

importance of eliminating,
15
–
17
,
50
–
51

inconsistencies with human reference genome,
124
–
127

isolating experiments and samples,
52
–
56

isolating nuclear DNA in cave bears and mammoths,
112
–
113

mapping the Neanderthal genome,
156
–
158

mechanisms of,
64
–
65

multiregional theory,
95
–
97

mummy samples,
51
–
52

Contamination
(continued)

Native American remains,
44
,
67
–
68

nuclear DNA extraction from mammoths,
101

nuclear genome of the Neanderthal,
160

Oetzi, the Ice Man,
69
–
71

PCR process,
8
–
12

putative dinosaur DNA,
59
–
60

sex chromosome data,
179
–
181

Convergent evolution,
45
,
64
–
66

Coop, Graham,
124
,
155

Copper Age remains,
68
–
71

Coprolites.
See
Animal droppings, DNA in

Creationism,
221

Criteria of authenticity,
51
–
52

Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts,
77
,
130
,
132
–
135
,
138
,
139
(fig.),
179

Dabney, Jesse,
147
(fig.)

Darwin, Charles,
63

Das Altertum
journal,
32

David, Charles,
47
,
50

Deamination (of nucleotides),
7
,
154

Denisova Cave remains

comparing Denisova and modern genomes,
244
–
245

comparing Denisova and Neanderthal genomes,
233
,
243
–
244

comparing Neanderthal mtDNA sequences with Denisova sequences,
228
–
231

publishing the findings,
235
–
236
,
245
–
249

sequencing the nuclear genome,
238
–
242

tooth,
235
,
236
(fig.)

Derevianko, Anatoly,
227
–
228
,
228
(fig.),
231
–
233
,
235
,
238
–
239
,
242
(fig.),
244
,
250

Derived allele,
156
–
158
,
176
,
181
,
243

Diamond, Jared,
43

Dinosaur, DNA extraction from,
58
–
60
,
111

DNA amplification.
See
Amplification of DNA

DNA extraction

cannibalized remains,
132

Denisovan girl,
251

Egyptian mummies,
27
–
32

improving efficiency,
143
–
151

initial studies of ancient materials,
26
–
27

silica extraction method,
55

Solexa technique,
161

Vindija bone samples,
139
–
141

See also
Polymerase chain reaction

DNA sequencing

chimpanzee genome,
4

Denisova Cave remains,
236
–
237

determining human origins,
41
–
43

humans and apes,
94

information derived from,
25

initial results,
1

kangaroo rats,
42
–
43

mapping convergent evolution,
66

Neanderthal genome mapping project,
118
,
122
–
123

preserved Native American skeletons,
43
–
44

pyrosequencing,
107
–
108
,
111
–
115

Sanger method,
107
–
108
,
110

technical intricacies of DNA retrieval,
45
–
46

Egg cells,
19
–
20

Egholm, Michael,
111
,
114
,
118
–
119
,
122
–
124
,
146
,
149
,
160
–
161
,
163