Neanderthal Man (45 page)

Neander Valley, Germany,
2
–
3
,
135
–
136

Neanderthal Genome Analysis Consortium,
175
,
241
.
See also
Neanderthal genome project

Neanderthal genome project

analyzing the results,
179
–
184

cataloging genetic changes after Neanderthal-modern human separation,
209
–
213

clean room procedures,
87
–
88

collaboration efforts,
134
–
135

contamination of data,
95
–
97

Denisovan mapping,
251
–
253

determining Neanderthals’ contribution to the modern genome,
171
–
173

El Sidrón bones,
136
–
137

European and African connections to Neanderthal genome,
176
–
177

explaining cognitive and technological development,
208
–
209

funding,
120
–
121

human reference genome and present-day human genome,
185
–
187

Illumina data,
164
–
166

inconsistencies with human reference genome,
124
–
127

interbreeding question,
182
–
183

mapping the genome,
153
–
158
,
164
–
167

Mezmaiskaya Cave bones,
136

Middle East scenario,
189
–
191

minimizing bacterial DNA,
146
–
151

minimizing DNA loss in sampling,
143
–
146

mtDNA reconstruction,
159
–
160

mtDNA variation,
75
–
76

multiregional-continuity model of human origins,
91

Neander Valley bones,
135
–
136

Neanderthal interbreeding with early modern humans,
190
–
195

obtaining bone samples,
72
–
75
,
129
–
134

obtaining Vindija bones,
137
–
141

people and processes,
117
–
119
,
121
–
123
,
169
–
171

publication of findings,
215
–
225

SNP analysis,
173
–
177

technical improvements,
127
–
128

Neanderthals

explaining differences between modern humans and,
208

first discovered remains and early research,
2
–
3

New England Biolabs,
148

Newcomb Cleveland Prize,
224
–
225

Nielsen, Rasmus,
191
–
192

Noonan, Jim,
124
,
127

Nordborg, Magnus,
96

N-phenacylthiazolium bromide (PTB),
106

Nuclear DNA

animal droppings,
106
–
107

cave-bear bones,
99
–
101
,
103
–
104
,
109
–
113

Denisova Cave remains,
231
,
239
––
240

dinosaur DNA,
60

mammoth bones,
101
–
103
,
111
–
113

misplaced mitochondrial fragments,
59

Nuclear genome

Denisova Cave remains,
233
,
238
,
241
–
242

determining Neanderthals’ contribution to the modern genome,
98
–
99
,
172

human-ape link,
94
,
99

multiregional and out-of-Africa models of human origins,
91
–
92

SNPs as indicators of interbreeding,
174

Nucleotides,
1
–
2

Nuu-Chah-Nulth (First Nations group),
44

Nyrén, Pål,
107
–
109

Oetzi, the Ice Man,
68
–
71

Oetztal, Austria,
68
–
71

Offspring

chromosome genealogy,
185
–
187

determining Neanderthals’ contribution to the modern genome,
172
–
173
,
182
–
183

evidence of Neanderthal-modern human gene flow,
98
–
99
,
189
,
200
–
203

primates’ competition for reproduction,
212

SNPs as indicators of interbreeding,
173
–
177

social dominance and gene flow,
193
–
194

taxonomic classifications,
237
–
238

See also
Interbreeding; Sexual reproduction

Okladnikov Cave, Siberia,
227

Old-earth creationists,
221

1
,000 Genomes Project,
209
–
210
,
252

Out-of-Africa hypothesis,
15
,
19
–
21
,
34
,
88
,
91
,
188
–
189
,
237

Owen, Richard,
63

Papuans,
183
,
185
–
186
,
188
–
189
,
194
–
195
,
242
–
247

Parham, Peter,
223
–
224

Patents,
202
–
203

Patterson, Nick,
173

background,
170
–
171

comparing Denisova and modern genomes,
244
–
246

comparing Neanderthal, African, and Chinese genomes,
177

comparing Neanderthal, African, and European genomes,
174

Denisova Cave remains,
241
,
243
,
246

evidence of Neanderthal-modern human gene flow,
190

mapping modern genomes,
187

Paunović, Maja,
77
–
78
,
130

PCR.
See
Polymerase chain reaction

Peking Man,
4
,
20

Penile spine deletion,
219

Permafrost remains,
102
–
104
,
115
,
215
,
239

Pettersson, Per,
23
–
24
,
26
,
34

Plants, DNA sequencing of,
56
–
58

Playboy
magazine,
222

Poinar, George,
58

Poinar, Hendrik,
58
,
105
–
106
,
115
,
239

Pointing as human behavior,
205
–
206

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR),
8
–
12

automation of,
40

contamination of samples,
50
–
56

criteria of authenticity,
51
–
52

dubious results,
61

importance of,
37

improving efficiency of,
144
–
145

independent verification,
14
–
16

inhibiting nuclear DNA extraction,
100
–
101

jumping PCR,
46
,
69
–
70

Oetzi, the Ice Man,
69
–
70

reconstruction of Neanderthal mtDNA,
11
(fig.)

technical intricacies of DNA retrieval,
45
–
46

technological advances,
109
,
143

thylacine data,
39
–
40
,
44
–
45

Population geneticists,
169
–
170

Population split,
187

Possnert, Göran,
31

Primorac, Dragan,
135

Pritchard, Jonathan,
124

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,
45
,
115

Proteins, genetic changes in,
210
–
213

Prüfer, Kay,
147
(fig.),
149

Ptak, Susan,
127
,
170

PTB.
See
N-phenacylthiazolium bromide (PTB)

Pyrosequencing (company),
108
–
109

Pyrosequencing (process),
107
–
108
,
111
–
116

Quagga DNA,
34
,
40
–
41

Racism,
202

Radioactive phosphorus,
144
–
146

Radovčić, Jakov,
130
,
132
–
135
,
137
–
138

Rasilla, Marco de la,
136
–
137

“Reasons to Believe” ministry,
221

Recombination,
186

Reich, David,
173
,
182
,
242
(fig.)

background,
170

comparing Neanderthal, African, and Chinese genomes,
177

comparing Neanderthal, African, and European genomes,
174
–
176

Denisova Cave remains,
241
,
246
–
247

evidence of Neanderthal-modern human gene flow,
190
,
192
–
193
,
251

mapping modern genomes,
187

Newcomb Cleveland Prize,
224
–
225

publishing the findings,
217
–
218

Repetitive DNA sequences,
118

Replacement crowd,
213
,
253

leaky replacement,
248

magnitude of Neanderthal contribution to,
201
–
202

MHC gene variability,
224

movement and technological development,
208