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Authors: Chalmers Johnson

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136
. Said Arjomand, “Under the Eyes of U.S. Forces and This Happened?” History News Network, April 14, 2003,
http://hnn.us/articles/1387.html.
For the hypocrisy of marine colonel Matthew Bogdanos, who was put in charge of covering up or distracting from the failures of the American military to carry out its orders, see Christopher de Bellaigue, “Loot,”
Granta,
no. 83 (Fall 2003), pp. 193-211. For Bogdanos’s own attempt to conflate the looting in Iraq with the international trade in illegally obtained antiquities, see “The Terrorist in the Art Gallery,”
New York Times,
December 10, 2005.

137
. Ed Vulliamy “Troops ’Vandalize’ Ancient City of Ur,”
Observer,
May 18, 2003,
http://observer.guardian.co.uk/print/0,3858,4671554-102275,00.html;
Paul Johnson,
Art: A New History
(New York: HarperCollins, 2003), pp. 18, 35; Polk and Schuster,
Looting of Iraq Museum,
p. 99, % 25.

138
. “Tallil Air Base,”
GlobalSecurity.org,
http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/iraq/tallil.htm
.

139
. Max Mallowan,
Mallowan’s Memoirs
(London: Collins, 1977), p. 61.

140
. Rory McCarthy and Maev Kennedy, “Babylon Wrecked by War,”
Guardian,
January 15, 2005,
http://www.guardian.co.uk/print/0,3858,5104058-103550,00.html.

141
. Owen Bowcott, “Archaeologists Fight to Save Iraqi Sites,”
Guardian,
June 20, 2005,
http://www.guardian.co.uk/Iraq/Story/0,2763,1510061,00.html
.

142
. Zainab Bahrani, “The Fall of Babylon,” in Polk and Schuster,
Looting of Iraq Museum,
p. 214. See also Bahrani, “Looting and Conquest,”
Nation,
May 14, 2003, http://www.thenation.com/doc.mhtmPi-20030526 & s=bahrani.

143
. Associated Press, “Hussein’s Gazelles Feed Marine Base,”
San Diego Union-Tribune,
April 19, 2003.

2:
COMPARATIVE IMPERIAL PATHOLOGIES: ROME, BRITAIN, AND AMERICA

1
. Cornel West is particularly interesting on the relationship between “prophetic Christians” and “Constantinian Christians.” See his
Democracy Matters: Winning the Fight Against Imperialism
(New York: Penguin, 2004), pp. 146-69.

2
. Robert C. Byrd,
The Senate of the Roman Republic
(Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1995), p. 41.

3
. Anthony Everitt,
Cicero: The Life and Times of Rome’s Greatest Politician
(New York: Random House, 2001), p. 67.

4
. Michael Parenti,
The Assassination of Julius Caesar: A People’s History of Ancient Rome
(New York: New Press, 2003), p. 191.

5
. Ibid., p. 181.

6
. Ibid., p. 221.

7
. Ibid., p. 16.

8
. Ibid., pp. 50, 204.

9
. Tom Holland,
Rubicon: The Last Years of the Roman Republic
(New York: Doubleday, 2003), pp. 181-82.

10
. Ibid., p. 8.

11
. Patrick E. Tyler, “U.S. Strategy Plan Calls for Insuring No Rivals Develop,”
New York Times,
March 8, 1992.

12
. Paul Wolfowitz, “Remembering the Future,”
National Interest,
Spring 2000, p. 36; David Armstrong, “Dick Cheney’s Song of America: Drafting a Plan for Global Dominance,”
Harper’s Magazine,
October 2002, pp. 76-83.

13
. Holland,
Rubicon,
p. 177.

14
. Ibid., p. 167.

15
. Ed Harriman, “Where Has All the Money Gone?”
London Review of Books,
July 7, 2005, pp. 3-7; Pratap Chatterjee,
Iraq, Inc.: A Profitable Occupation
(New York: Seven Stories Press, 2004).

16
. For a map showing the “Tiber River,” see James Sterling Young,
The Washington Community, 1800-1828
(New York: Columbia University Press, 1966), p. 67. Also see Byrd,
Senate of the Roman Republic,
p. 183.

17
. Holland,
Rubicon,
pp. xv-xvi.

18
. Ibid., p. xvii.

19
. Everitt,
Cicero,
p. 12.

20
. See, for example, Dana Priest, “The CinCs: Proconsuls to the Empire,” in
The Mission: Waging War and Keeping Peace with America’s Military
(New York: Norton, 2003), pp. 61-77.

21
. Byrd,
Senate of the Roman Republic,
p. 50.

22
. Holland,
Rubicon,
p. 21.

23
. Parenti,
Assassination of Julius Caesar,
pp. 54-55.

24
. Everitt,
Cicero,
p. 14.

25
. Ibid., pp. 321-22.

26
. Ibid., p. 11.

27
. Holland,
Rubicon,
pp. 161-62.

28
. Everitt,
Cicero,
pp. 126-27.

29
. Suetonius,
The Twelve Caesars,
trans. Robert Graves (London: Penguin Books, 2003), p. 25.

30
. Everitt,
Cicero,
pp. 16-17.

31
. Byrd,
Senate of the Roman Republic,
pp. 111, 116.

32
. Holland,
Rubicon,
p. 162.

33
. Everitt,
Cicero,
p. 19.

34
. Ibid., p. 45.

35
. Suzanne Cross, “Gaius Marius, 157-86 B.C,”
http://heraklia.fwsl.com/contemporaries/marius/
.

36
. Everitt,
Cicero,
p. 246.

37
. Ibid., pp. 281, 296; Holland,
Rubicon,
p. 361; Parenti,
Assassination of Julius Caesar,
p. 201; Byrd,
Senate of the Roman Republic,
p. 34.

38
. Everitt,
Cicero,
pp. 303-18.

39
. Shasta Darlington, Reuters, “New Dig Says Caligula Was Indeed a Maniac,”
San Diego Union-Tribune,
August 16, 2003.

40
. On Nero’s reputation, see Edward Champlin,
Nero
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2003).

41
. Niall Ferguson,
Colossus: The Price of America’s Empire
(New York: Penguin, 2004), p. 208. Also see Vivek Chibber, “The Good Empire: Should We Pick Up Where the British Left Off?”
Boston Review,
February-March 2005, pp. 30-34.

42
. Niall Ferguson,
Empire: The Rise and Demise of the British World Order and the Lessons for Global Power
(New York: Basic Books, 2002), pp. xxi, x.

43
. Max Boot, “The Case for an American Empire,”
Weekly Standard,
October 15, 2001.

44
. Review of Ferguson’s
Colossus, Financial Times,
May 15-16,2004.

45
. See Mike Davis,
Late Victorian Holocausts
(London: Verso, 2001), pp. 7, 311-12.

46
. Joshua Micah Marshall, “Power Rangers,”
New Yorker,
February 2, 2004.

47
. Bernard Porter,
The Absent-Minded Imperialists: Empire, Society, and Culture in Britain
(New York: Oxford University Press, 2005); Ronald Steel,
Pax Americana
(New York: Viking, 1967), pp. 16-17.

48
. Bernard Porter,
Empire and Superempire: Britain, America and the World
(New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2006), p. 42.

49
. Wikipedia, “Michael Ignatieff,”
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Ignatieff
; Peter C. Newman, “Q&A with Liberal Leadership Contender Michael Ignatieff,” Macleans.ca, April 6, 2006,
http://www.macleans.ca/topstories/politics/article.jsp?content=20060410_124769_124769
; and Michael Ignatieff, “Lesser Evils,”
New York Times Magazine,
May 2, 2004,
http://www.ksg.harvard.edu/news/opeds/2004/ignatieff_less_evils_nytm_050204.htm
.

50
. Michael Ignatieff, “The Burden,”
New York Times Magazine,
January 5, 2003; reprinted in various places under the title “The American Empire (Get Used to It).”

51
. Michael Neumann, “Michael Ignatieff, Apostle of He-manitarianism,”
Counter-punch,
December 8, 2003, which draws its quotations from Ignatieff’s book
Empire Lite: Nation Building in Bosnia, Kosovo, Afghanistan
(London: Vintage UK, 2003).

52
. Ferguson,
Colossus,
p. 169;
Empire,
p. 267.

53
. Quoted by Ferguson,
Colossus,
p. 220. Also see Roger Owen,
Lord Cromer: Victorian Imperialist, Edwardian Proconsul
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004).

54
. Quoted by Ferguson,
Empire,
p. 200.

55
. Kevin Baker, “We’re in the Army Now,”
Harper’s Magazine,
October 2003, p. 43.

56
. Eric Foner, “The Lie that Empire Tells Itself,”
London Review of Books,
May 19, 2005, p. 16.

57
. Edward Said, “Jane Austen and Empire” (1990), in
The Edward Said Reader,
ed. Moustafa Bayoumi and Andrew Rubin (New York: Vintage Books, 2000), p. 349.

58
. Hannah Arendt,
The Origins of Totalitarianism
(New York: Meridian, 1958), p. 216. The term comes from an unnamed British bureaucrat commenting on what was necessary to keep the population of India docile and under British control.

59
. Quoted by Dinesh D’Souza, “In Praise of American Empire,”
Christian Science Monitor,
April 26, 2002.

60
. See John W. Dower,
Embracing Defeat: Japan in the Wake of World War II
(New York: WW. Norton, 1999).

61
. Foner, “Lie.”

62
. The most important compilation of such campaign names is Arkin,
Code Names.

63
. Quoted by Tony Stephens, “According to the White House this Action is Anything but War,”
Sydney Morning Herald,
March 21, 2003,
http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2003/03/20/1047749879550.html
.

64
. Sven Lindqvist,
”Exterminate All the Brutes”: One Mans Odyssey into the Heart of Darkness and the Origins of European Genocide,
trans. Joan Tate (New York: New Press, 1996). Also see Tom Engelhardt, “The Cartography of Death,”
Nation,
October 23, 2000.

65
. Charles S. Maier, “An American Empire?”
Harvard Magazine,
November-December 2002,
http://www.harvardmagazine.eom/on-line/1102193.html
.

66
. Carl A. Trocki,
Opium, Empire, and the Global Political Economy: A Study of the Asian Opium Trade, 1750-1950
(London: Routledge, 1999). Also see Ferguson,
Empire,
p. 139; Yoshie Furuhashi, “A New Opium War,” 2004,
http://info.interactivist.net/print.pPsid-04/12/ll/2259233
; James L. Hevia, “Opium, Empire, and Modern History,”
China Review International
10, no. 2 (Fall 2003); and John Richards, “The Opium Industry in British India,”
Indian Economic and Social History Review
39, no. 2-3 (2002), pp. 149-80. The classic studies are Maurice Collis,
Foreign Mud: Being an Account of the Opium Imbroglio at Canton in the 1830’s and the Anglo-Chinese War that Followed
(New York: Knopf, 1947); and Alfred W McCoy,
The Politics of Heroin
(Chicago: Lawrence Hill, 1991).