Nemesis: The Last Days of the American Republic (53 page)

73
. Ibid., p. 219.

74
. Ibid., p. 279.

75
. P. J. Marshall, ed.,
Cambridge Illustrated History of the British Empire
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), p, 373.

76
. Ferguson,
Empire,
p. 169.

77
. Katherine Bailey, “Edwina Mountbatten: India’s Last Vicerine,”
British Heritage,
April-May 2000,
http://historynet.com/bh/blmountbatten/index.html
.

78
. Tapan Raychaudhuri, “British Rule in India: An Assessment,” in Marshall,
History of the British Empire,
p. 367.

79
. Marshall,
History of the British Empire,
pp. 371-72.

80
. Editorial, “Promises, Promises,”
New York Times,
August 22, 2005.

81
. Anita Jain, “World Bank to Lend India $9bn to Help Improve Rural Areas,”
Financial Times,
August 22, 2005.

82
. See Walden Bello,
Dilemmas of Domination: The Unmaking of the American Empire
(New York: Metropolitan, 2005).

83
. Ferguson,
Empire,
p. 304.

84
. Ferguson,
Colossus,
p. 25.

85
. John Gray, “The World Is Round,”
New York Review of Books,
August 11, 2005, pp. 13-15.

86
. Ferguson,
Empire,
p. 164.

87
. Raychaudhuri, “British Rule in India,” p. 363.

88
. See Chalmers Johnson, “Whatever Happened to Globalization?” in
The Sorrows of Empire
(New York: Metropolitan Books, 2004), pp. 255-81; Johnson,
MITI and the Japanese Miracle
(Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1982); Meredith Woo-Cumings, ed.,
The Developmental State
(Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1999); and Johnson, “Economic Crisis in East Asia: The Clash of Capitalisms,”
Cambridge Journal of Economics
22, no. 6 (November 1998), pp. 653-61.

89
. Davis,
Late Victorian Holocausts,
p. 295.

90
. Karl Polanyi,
The Great Transformation: The Political and Economic Origins of Our Time
(1944; repr. Boston: Beacon Press, 1957), pp. 159-60; quoted by Davis,
Late Victorian Holocausts,
p. 10.

91
. Ferguson,
Empire,
p. 314.

92
. Thomas L. Friedman,
The Lexus and the Olive Tree
(New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1999), p. 381. The best study of globalization today is Manfred B. Steger,
Globalism: The New Market Ideology
(Lanham, MD: Rowman & Little-field, 2002). Also see Jeff Faux, “Flat Note from the Pied Piper of Globalization,”
Dissent,
Fall 2005, pp. 64-67.

93
. Ferguson,
Colossus,
p. 196.

94
. Ferguson,
Empire,
p. 302.

95
. Marshall,
History of the British Empire,
pp. 372-73.

96
. Caroline Elkins,
Imperial Reckoning: The Untold Story of Britain s Gulag in Kenya
(New York: Henry Holt, 2005), p. 11. Also see David Anderson,
Histories of the Hanged: Britain s Dirty War in Kenya and the End of Empire
(London: Weidenfeld, 2005); Daphne Eviatar, “In Cold Blood,”
Nation,
February 21, 2005; and Bernard Porter, “How Did They Get Away with It?”
London Review of Books,
March 3, 2005. An early study of Mau Mau had already discredited British propaganda that the insurgents were “heathen savages” and shown the revolt to have been in response particularly to settler land seizures. See Carl G. Rosberg Jr. and John Nottingham,
The Myth of Mau Mau: Nationalism in Kenya
(New York: Praeger, 1966).

97
. Elkins,
Imperial Reckoning,
pp. xv-xvi.

98
. Ferguson,
Empire,
p. xv.

99
. Quoted by Andrew Gilmour, “How to Create Insurgents,”
Spectator,
January 24, 2004.

100
. Ferguson,
Colossus,
p. 221.

101
. Eric Margolis, “George Bush’s New Imperialism,”
Toronto Sun,
August 4, 2002. The major work on this subject is Fromkin,
A Peace to End All Peace.
See also Karl E. Meyer, “Forty Years in the Sand: What Happened the Last Time Freedom Marched on Iraq,”
Harper’s Magazine,
June 2005, pp. 69-74.

102
. The classic treatment is Khushwant Singh,
Mano Majra
(New York: Grove Press, 1956). Mano Majra is the name of a Punjabi village where Hindus and Muslims had lived in peace for hundreds of years until partition. Singh’s novel has since been reissued under the title
Last Train to Pakistan.

103
. Raychaudhuri, “British Rule in India,” pp. 366-67.

104
. Ferguson,
Empire,
p. 297.

105
. Arendt,
Origins of Totalitarianism,
pp. 503-4.

3:
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY: THE PRESIDENT’S PRIVATE ARMY

1
. Douglas Jehl, “Chief of CIA Tells His Staff to Back Bush,”
New York Times,
November 17, 2004; David Wise, “Sycophant Spies,”
Los Angeles Times,
November 21, 2004; Alexander Cockburn, “Politicize the CIA? You’ve Got to Be Kidding,”
Nation,
December 20, 2004, p. 8.

2
. Thomas Powers, “The Failure,”
New York Review of Books,
April 29, 2004, p. 4.

3
. Melvin A. Goodman, “Righting the CIA,”
Baltimore Sun,
November 19, 2004.

4
. See, among several references, the recollections of a CIA officer who actually heard Schlesinger’s remark: Ray McGovern, “Cheney’s Cat’s Paw: Porter Goss as CIA Director,”
Counterpunch,
July 6, 2004,
http://www.counterpunch.org/mcgovern07062004.html
.

5
. See James Moore and Wayne Slater,
Bush’s Brain: How Karl Rove Made George W. Bush Presidential
(New York: Wiley, 2004).

6
. Scott Ritter, “A Silver Lining in Bush’s New CIA Pick?” AlterNet, May 16, 2006,
http://www.informationclearinghouse.info/articlel3063.htm.

7
. Loch K. Johnson,
America’s Secret Power: The CIA in a Democratic Society
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1989), p. 21.

8
. See Willard C. Matthias, “An Assault upon the National Intelligence Process,” in
America’s Strategic Blunders: Intelligence Analysis and National Security Policy, 1936-1991
(University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2001), pp. 293-314.

9
. Among the recommended books on the agency’s past activities are William Blum,
Killing Hope: U.S. Military and CIA Interventions since World War II
(Monroe, ME: Common Courage Press, 1995); Steve Coll,
Ghost Wars: The Secret History of the CIA, Afghanistan, and Bin Laden from the Soviet Invasion
to September 10, 2001
(New York: Penguin, 2004); Frederick H. Gareau,
State Terrorism and the United States
(Atlanta, GA: Clarity Press, 2003); Greg Grandin,
Empire’s Workshop: Latin America, the United States, and the Rise of the New Imperialism
(New York: Metropolitan, 2006); Stephen Kinzer,
Overthrow: America’s Century of Regime Change from Hawaii to Iraq
(New York: Henry Holt, 2006); John Kenneth Knaus,
Orphans of the Cold War: America and the Tibetan Struggle for Survival
(New York: Public Affairs, 1999); James Risen,
State of War: The Secret History of the CIA and the Bush Administration
(New York: Free Press, 2006); Frances Stonor Saunders,
The Cultural Cold War: The CIA and the World of Arts and Letters
(New York: New Press, 1999); Stephen Schlesinger and Stephen Kinzer,
Bitter Fruit: The Story of the American Coup in Guatemala,
expanded ed. (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999); Richard H. Schultz Jr.,
The Secret War Against Hanoi
(New York: HarperCollins, 1999); and Paul Todd and Jonathan Bloch,
Global Intelligence: The World’s Secret Services Today
(London: Zed Books, 2003).

10
. Quoted by Johnson,
America’s Secret Power,
p. 36.

11
. William M. Arkin, “Secrecy Is the CIAs Stock in Trade, and the Agency’s Hidden Weakness,”
Los Angeles Times,
July 18, 2004; Nick Schwellenbach, “Government Secrecy Grows Out of Control,” Common Dreams News Center, September 24, 2004,
http://www.commondreams.org/views04/0923-05.htm;
Dorothy Samuels, “President Bush Is Hard at Work Expanding Government Secrecy,” New
York Times,
November 1, 2004; Kevin Freking, Associated Press, “Feds Increasingly Classify Documents,”
ABC News,
July 2, 2005.

12
. See, for example, Admiral Stansfield Turner [DCI, 1977-81 ],
Terrorism and Democracy
(Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1991), pp. 27 ff.; Senator Daniel Patrick Moynihan,
Secrecy: The American Experience
(New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1998), pp. 8-9,168-69; Mark Riebling,
Wedge: From Pearl Harbor to 9/11, How the Secret War Between the FBI and CIA Has Endangered National Security
(New York: Simon & Schuster Touchstone Books, 2002); Hersh, “Why the Government Didn’t Know What It Knew,” in
Chain of Command,
pp. 87-103.

13
. For details, see Seymour M. Hersh, “Getting Out the Vote,”
New Yorker,
July 25, 2005. Also see Hannah Allam and Warren P. Strobel, Knight Ridder News Service, “CIA Keeps Hold of Iraq’s Intelligence Service in Turf War,”
San Diego Union Tribune,
May 9, 2005; Gareth Porter, “The Coming Shi’ite Showdown,”
Antiwar.com
, May 13, 2005; Patrick Cockburn, “Americans Accused of Interfering in Iraq Election,”
Independent,
July 18, 2005.

14
. Johnson,
America’s Secret Power,
p. 43.

15
. Bob Woodward,
Veil: The CIA’s Secret Wars, 1981-87
(New York: Simon & Schuster, 1987), p. 49.

16
. Johnson,
America’s Secret Power,
p. 62.

17
. Robert M. Gates, “The CIA and American Foreign Policy,”
Foreign Affairs
66 (Winter 1987-88), p. 227.

18
. Johnson,
America’s Secret Power,
p. 62. See also Harold P. Ford,
CIA and Vietnam Policymakers: Three Episodes, 1962-1968
(Washington: Central Intelligence Agency, 1998), pp. 86-104.

19
. Senate Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities (Church Committee),
Final Report,
94th Cong. 2nd
sess. (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1976), 1:78; Johnson,
Americas Secret Power,
p. 64.

20
. See Federation of American Scientists, Weapons of Mass Destruction, R-36/ SS-9 SCARP,
http://wvvw.fas.org/nuke/guide/russia/icbm/r-36.htm
; and Fred Kaplan, “The Rumsfeld Intelligence Agency,”
Slate,
October 28, 2002,
http://www.slate.com/toolbar.aspx?action-print8dd-2073238
.

21
. Coll,
Ghost Wars,
p. 562.

22
. McGovern, “Cheney’s Cat’s Paw.”

23
. See Clarke,
Against All Enemies;
Anonymous (Michael Scheuer),
Imperial Hubris: Why the West Is Losing the War on Terror
(Washington, DC: Brassey’s, 2004); and Scheuer, “How Not to Catch a Terrorist,”
Atlantic Monthly,
December 2004, pp. 50-52. See also Scheuer, “Why I Resigned from the CIA,”
Los Angeles Times,
December 5, 2004.

24
. Karen Kwiatkowski, “The New Pentagon Papers,” March 10, 2004,
http://www.salon.com/opinion/feature/2004/03/10/osp_moveon/;
“Karen Kwiatkowski: Archives,”
http://www.lewrockwell.com/kwiatkowski/kwiatkowski-arch.html
; Robert Dreyfuss and Jason Vest, “The Lie Factory,”
Mother Jones,
January-February 2004, pp. 34-41; Marc Cooper, “Soldier for the Truth: Exposing Bush’s Talking-points War,”
LA Weekly,
February 20-26, 2004. Colonel Kwiatkowski also made an important contribution to Eugene Jarecki’s documentary film
Why We Fight,
which won the gold medal at the 2005 Sundance Film Festival.

25
. Joseph C. Wilson, “What I Didn’t Find in Africa,” New
York Times,
July 6, 2003,
http://www.commondreams.org/views03/0706-02.htm
; Wilson, “A Right-Wing Smear Is Gathering Steam,”
Los Angeles Times,
July 21, 2004; Wilson, “Our 27 Months of Hell,”
Los Angeles Times,
October 29, 2005; Neil Mackay, “Niger and Iraq: The War’s Biggest Lie,”
Sunday Herald,
July 13, 2003,
http://www.sundayherald.com/print35264
; Edward Alden, “Naming of Agent was Aimed at Discrediting CIA,”
Financial Times,
October 25, 2003; James Risen, “How Niger Uranium Story Defied Wide Skepticism,”
New York Times,
July 14, 2004; Ian Masters, “Who Forged the Niger Documents?” AlterNet, April 7, 2005,
http://www.alternet.org/module/printversion/21704;
Frank Rich, “Follow the Uranium,”
New York Times,
July 17, 2005; Tom Hamburger and Peter W
^r
allsten, “Top Aides Reportedly Set Sights on Wilson,”
Los Angeles Times,
July 18, 2005; Matthew Yglesias, “Follow the Documents,”
American Prospect Online,
July 19, 2005,
http://www.prospect.org/web/printfriendly-view.ww?id=10015
.