Nemesis: The Last Days of the American Republic (59 page)

81
. David Allen and Chiyomi Sumida,” ’It’s Done,’ Rumsfeld Says of Troop Realignment Agreement for Okinawa,”
Stars & Stripes,
November 5, 2005; “USFJ Realignment, Local Hurdles: All 55 Base-Hosting Municipalities Opposed to Realignment Plans,”
Nihon Keizai Shimbun,
November 10, 2005.

82
. “USFJ Realignment: No Progress in Coordination; Local Governments Watching Okinawa,”
Nihon Keizai Shimbun,
November 22, 2005.

83
. Masaaki Gabe, “USFJ Realignment: Government Held Accountable for Base-Hosting Burdens,”
Mainichi Shimbun,
November 20, 2005.

84
. “Full Text of Government Policy to Implement U.S. Force Realignment in Japan,”
Mainichi Shimbun,
May 31, 2006; “Japan to Pay $6 Billion to Move U.S. Marines to Guam,”
Asahi Shimbun,
April 25, 2006,
http://japanfocus.org/article.asp?id=585.

85
. David McNeill, “Anger in Okinawa as U.S. Airman Faces Child Sex Charges,”
Independent,
July 5, 2005; “Surprised, Dumbfounded, and Angered at the Statement by the U.S. Embassy Official ’Trivializing the Issue’ of a U.S. Airman Molesting a Little Girl,”
Ryukyu Shimpo,
July 6, 2005; “Okinawa Assembly Passes Resolution Protesting Molestation Case Involving U.S. Serviceman,”
Asahi Shimbun,
July 7, 2005; “U.S. Air Base Imposes Late-Night Curfew Following Alleged Groping of Japanese Schoolgirl,” Associated Press, July 8, 2005; Simon Montlake, “U.S. Military Rape Case Tests Philippine President,”
Christian Science Monitor,
November 10, 2005; James Hookway,
Wall Street Journal,
“Rape Allegation Against Marines in Philippines Raises Furor,”
San Diego Union-Tribune,
November 23, 2005; Reuters, “Four U.S. Marines Charged with Rape,”
CNN.com
,
December 27, 2005; Chris Hogg, “Japan Jails U.S. Sailor for Murder,”
BBC News,
June 2, 2006.

6:
SPACE: THE ULTIMATE IMPERIALIST PROJECT

1
. Federation of American Scientists, “Address to the Nation on National Security by President Ronald Reagan, March 23, 1983,”
http://www.fas.org/spp/starwars/offdocs/rrspch.htm
.

2
. The best book on Reagan’s Star Wars is Frances FitzGerald,
Way Out There in the Blue: Reagan, Star Wars, and the End of the Cold War
(New York: Simon & Schuster, 2000).

3
. Tim Weiner, “Air Force Seeks Bush’s Approval for Space Arms,”
New York Times,
May 18, 2005,
http://www.commondreams.org/cgi-bin/print.cgi?file=/headlines05/0518-02.htm
.

4
. Walter Pincus, “Pentagon Has Far-Reaching Defense Spacecraft in Works,”
Washington Post,
March 16, 2005,
http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A38272-2005Marl5?language=printer
.

5
. Alexander Zaitchik,
New York Press
17, no. 52 (December 28, 2004),
http://www.nypress.com/print.cfm?content_id=11848
.

6
. General Habiger, quoted by Bradley Graham, “Interceptor System Set, But Doubts Remain: Network Hasn’t Undergone Realistic Testing,”
Washington Post,
September 29, 2004; Philip Coyle, “Is Missile Defense on Target?”
Arms Control Today,
October 2003.

7
. Richard Drayton, “Shock, Awe, and Hobbes Have Backfired on America’s Neocons,”
Guardian,
December 28, 2005. Drayton is the author of
Nature’s Government: Science, Imperial Britain, and the “Improvement” of the World
(New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2000).

8
. Michelle Ciarrocca and William D. Hartung,
Axis of Influence: Behind the Bush Administrations Missile Defense Revival
(New York: Arms Trade Resource Center, World Policy Institute, July 2002), pp. 13-14.

9
. William D. Hartung, Frida Berrigan, Michelle Ciarrocca, and Jonathan Wingo, “Tangled Web 2005: A Profile of the Missile Defense and Space Weapons Lobbies” (New York: Arms Trade Resource Center, World Policy Institute, 2005), p. 4.

10
. Ciarrocca and Hartung,
Axis of Influence,
p. 10. Bradley Graham of the
Washington Post
discusses the role of Boeing and Lockheed Martin engineers in influencing the conclusions of the commission. See his
Hit to Kill: The New Battle over Shielding America from Missile Attack
(New York: Public Affairs, 2001), pp. 43-44.

11
. Center for Security Policy, “Now That It’s U.S. Policy to Defend America Against Missile Attack, Let the Debate Be Joined As to the Optimal Way to Do So,” Decision Brief 99-D 37 (March 18, 1999); John Isaacs, “Missile Defense: It’s Back,”
Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
55, no. 3 (May-June 1999), pp. 26-28.

12
. Phil Jones, “Clinton Calls for Time,”
CBS News,
September 1, 2000,
http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2000/09/01/national/printable229850.shtml
.

13
. Report of the Commission to Assess United States National Security Space
Management and Organization, Washington, DC, January 11, 2001,
http://www.defenselink.mil/pubs/space20010111.html
, pp. 13,16.

14
. Michael Dobbs, “How Politics Helped Redefine Threat,”
Washington Post,
January 14, 2002,
http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A40780-2002Janl3?language=printer
.

15
. Demetri Sevastopulo, “Concern Over Keeping the Final Frontier Demilitarized,”
Financial Times,
September 13, 2005.

16
. Quoted by Weiner, “Air Force Seeks Bush’s Approval.”

17
. Quoted by Jack Kelly, “U.S. the Leader in War Plans for Space,”
Pittsburgh Post-Gazette,
July 28, 2003.

18
. Quoted by Hannah Middleton, “Star Wars: The Armed Wing of Globalization,” Australian Anti-Bases Campaign Coalition,
http://www.anti-bases.org/nmd/armed_wing_of_globalisation.htm
.

19
. U.S. Air Force,
Counterspace Doctrine,
Doctrine Document 2-2.1, August 2, 2004,
http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/jel/service_pubs/afdd2_2_l.pdf
; Bryan Bender, “Pentagon Eyeing Weapons in Space,”
Boston Globe,
March 14, 2006.

20
. Theresa Hitchens, “Weapons in Space: Silver Bullet or Russian Roulette?” Center for Defense Information, April 18, 2002,
http://www.cdi.org/missile-defense/spaceweapons.cfm
, p. 10.

21
. Quoted by Leonard David, “What Should U.S. Military Do in Space?”
MSNBC,
June 17, 2005,
http://www.msnbc.msn.eom/id/8258501/print/l/displaymode/1098/
.

22
. Quoted by Mike Moore, “Space Cops: Coming to a Planet Near You,”
Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
59, no. 6 (November-December 2003), p. 50. Dolman is the author of
Astropolitik: Classical Geopolitics in the Space Age
(London: Frank Cass, 2002).

23
. The most complete account of this era is Philip Taubman,
Secret Empire: Eisenhower, the CIA, and the Hidden Story of Americas Space Espionage
(New York: Simon & Schuster, 2003). On the subject of the “missile gap,” Taubman writes, “In September [1959], the Agency had reported in a major study of Soviet missiles that ’we believe it is now well established that the USSR is not engaged in a “crash” program for ICBM development.’ The assessment, reflecting the figures [Allen] Dulles had given to the Armed Services Committees in January 1959, estimated that just a handful of intercontinental missiles—around ten—might already be operational or nearly so. By that standard, the Air Force estimate of one hundred Russian missiles seemed wildly overblown, and inspired primarily by a desire to stampede Congress into fattening the Air Force budget. But because the U-2 flights were so secret, Dulles couldn’t cite the photographic evidence in his Senate testimony,” p. 296. See also Jeffrey T. Richelson,
Spying on the Bomb: American Nuclear Intelligence from Nazi Germany to Iran and North Korea
(New York: W. W. Norton, 2006), pp. 128-30.

24
. The only reference to space debris in the air force’s
Counterspace Doctrine
is: “Environmental monitoring includes the characterization and assessment of space weather (i.e., solar conditions) on satellites and links, terrestrial weather near important ground nodes, and natural and man-made phenomena in outer space (i.e., orbital debris).... Operators must be able to differentiate between natural phenomena interference and an intentional attack on a
space system in order to formulate an appropriate response.” U.S. Air Force,
Counterspace Doctrine,
p. 21.

25
. Theresa Hitchens, “Space Debris,”
CDI Fact Sheet,
August 2005,
http://www.space4peace.org/articles/debris_facts.htm
.

26
. From Ride’s speech at Stanford University, April 10, 2002. Quoted by Joel Primack, “Pelted by Paint, Downed by Debris,”
Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
58, no. 5 (September-October 2002), pp. 24-25. See also Dawn Levy, “Anti-Satellite Weapons Testing Would Have ’Disastrous’ Effects, Ride Says,”
Stanford Report,
April 17, 2002.

27
. Primack, “Pelted by Paint.”

28
. Richard Stenger, “Scientist: Space Weapons Pose Debris Threat,”
CNN.com
,
May 3, 2002.

29
. Members of the Council on Foreign Relations Study Group on Space Weapons (Bruce M. DeBlois, Richard L. Garwin, R. Scott Kemp, and Jeremy C. Marwell), “Space Weapons: Crossing the U.S. Rubicon,”
International Security
29, no. 2 (Fall 2004), pp. 52,64,83.

30
. Hitchens, “Weapons in Space,” p. 11.

31
. “Space-Based Missile Interceptors Could Pose Debris Threat,” DefenceTalk .com, September 14, 2004.

32
. James Clay Moltz, “Space Weapons or Space Arms Control,” Center for Nonproliferation Studies, April 15, 2002,
http://cns.miis.edu/pubs/week/020415.htm
.

33
. Leonard David, “U.S.-China Space Debris Collide in Orbit,”
Space.com
, April 16, 2005,
http://www.space.com/news/050416_debris_crash.html.

34
. Ciarrocca and Hartung, Axis
of Influence,
p. 12.

35
. Christopher Hellman, “Funding Request for Ballistic Missile Defense,” Center for Defense Information, February 4, 2002,
http://www.cdi.org/issues/budget/FY03bmd-pr.cfm
.

36
. For General Bell’s testimony, see Norimitsu Onishi, “U.S. Confirms Test of Missiles Was Conducted by North Korea,”
New York Times,
March 9, 2006.

37
. “U.S. Dismisses Call to Destroy N. Korean Missile,”
NBC News,
June 22, 2006,
http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/13481845/print/1/displaymode/1098/
; Terence Hunt, “U.S. Says Missile Defense System Limited,” Associated Press, June 22, 2006,
http://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/ap/world/3992279.html
.

38
. See, for example, Hitchens, “Weapons in Space,” p. 10; Jeff Sallot, “Arms Experts Issue Missile Defense Alert,”
Globe and Mail
(Toronto), December 7, 2004; David Pugliese, “U.S. Won’t Rule Out Waging War in Space, General Says,”
Ottawa Citizen,
February 21, 2005. In February 2006, Air Force Lieutenant General Henry Obering, head of the Missile Defense Agency, said to the press that he intended to put the entire batch of forty scheduled interceptors into Alaskan silos: “We can take those forty interceptors and turn them into an ability to counter much more complex threat[s].” Martin Sieff, “Congress Gives $150m Boost to Alaska ABM Deployment,” United Press International, February 7, 2006.

39
. On China’s reaction to the GMD, see Nicole C. Evans, “Missile Defense: Winning Minds, Not Hearts,”
Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
60, no. 5 (September-October 2004), pp. 48-55.

40
. Victoria Samson, “Remember the Anti-Missile Missile? Forget It,” Center for Defense Information, January 4, 2006,
http://wvvrvv.cdi.org/friendlyversion/printversion.cfm?documentID=3244&:from_page=../program/document.cfm.

41
. Charles Piller, “Little Room for Error in Catching a Missile,”
Los Angeles Times,
December 25, 2004.

42
. David Stout and John H. Cushman Jr., “Defense Missile for U.S. System Fails to Launch; Setback for Interceptor,”
New York Times,
December 16, 2004; “Two Successive Failures Reflect Vulnerabilities in U.S. Missile Defense Effort,” Agence France-Presse, February 15, 2005; Rachel D’Oro, Associated Press, “Missile Test Failures Sideline Progress at Alaska’s Fort Greely,”
Anchorage Daily News,
January 6, 2006,
http://www.adn.com/news/alaska/ap_alaska/v-printer/story/7338986p-7251040c.html
.