Nemesis: The Last Days of the American Republic (60 page)

43
. Robert Gard, “The Pathetic State of National Missile Defense,” Center for Arms Control and Non-Proliferation, Washington, DC, February 2, 2005.

44
. Coyle, “Is Missile Defense on Target?” See also Walter C. Uhler, “Missile Shield or Holy Grail?”
Nation,
January 28, 2002, pp. 25-29.

45
. See, inter alia, Richard J. Newman, “Space Watch, High and Low,”
Air Force Magazine,
July 2001,
http://www.afa.org/magazine/July2001/0701SBIRS.asp;
Federation of American Scientists, “Space-Based Infrared System,” October 2003,
http://www.fas.org/spp/military/program/warning/sbir.htm
; Tara Copp, “Giant Globe Radar Another Piece in Missile Defense System,” Scripps Howard News Service, September 10, 2003; Missile Defense Agency, “Fact Sheet: Sea-Based X-Band Radar,” September 2005; “Sea-Based X-Band Radar Begins Transport Operation Through Straits of Magellan,”
Spacewar.com
, November 14, 2005,
http://www.spacewar.com/news/abm-05zp.html
. For a photo of the X-band radar at sea on its oil rig, see the Boeing advertisement opposite page 4,
National Journal,
February 4, 2006.

46
. See FitzGerald,
Way Out There,
pp. 408-11.

47
. Evans, “Missile Defense”; Geoffrey Forden, “Laser Defenses: What If They Work?”
Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
58, no. 5 (September-October 2002), pp. 49-53.

48
. Miranda Priebe, “Airborne Laser: Overweight and Oh-so-late,”
Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
59, no. 3 (May-June 2003), pp. 18-20.

49
. Quoted by Michael Clark and Victoria Samson, “A Look at the Troubled Development of the Airborne Laser,” Center for Defense Information, March 15, 2005,
http://www.cdi.org/pdfs/ABL-031505.pdf.

50
. See Taubman,
Secret Empire,
pp. 305-7.

51
. Coyle, “Is Missile Defense on Target?” See also Uhler, “Missile Shield.”

52
. “Rumsfeld Says Missile Shield Will Soon Have ’Modest Capacity,’” Agence France-Presse, December 23, 2004.

53
. Bradley Graham, “Panel Faults Tactics in Rush to Install Antimissile System,”
Washington Post,
June 10, 2005; Editorial, “Star Wars’ Political Bull’s-Eye,”
New York Times,
June 24, 2005; Martin Sieff, “BMD Focus: DOD Space Buys Leak Billions,” United Press International, July 19, 2005,
http://www.wpherald.com/print.php?StoryID=20050719-042857-1423r
; Sieff, “Ballistic Missile Defense: The Test of Reality,” United Press International, July 26, 2005,
http://www.wpherald.com/print.php?StoryID=20050726-123729-8313r;
Sieff, “Ballistic Missile Defense: Shortfalls in Space,” United Press
International, August 2, 2005,
http://www.wpherald.com/print.php?StoryID=20050802-024235-8315r
; Sieff, “Ballistic Missile Defense: Space Defense Budget Mess,” United Press International, October 6, 2005,
http://www.wpherald.com/print.php?StoryID=20051006-021655-4516r
.

54
. “U.S. Gives Up on Upgrading Missile Defense,” United Press International, October 13, 2005,
http://ww.wpherald.com/print.php?StoryID=20051013-044213-8370r.

55
. Lisbeth Gronlund, “Fire, Aim, Ready,”
Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
61, no. 5 (September-October 2005), pp. 67-68,
http://www.thebulletin.org/print.php?art_ofn=so05gronlund
.

56
. Scott Ritter, “Rude Awakening to Missile-defense Dream,”
Christian Science Monitor,
January 4, 2005,
http://www.csmonitor.com/2005/0104/p09s02-coop.html.

57
. Uhler, “Missile Shield”; David E. Sanger and Michael Wines, “With a Shrug, a Monument to Cold War Fades Away,”
New York Times,
June 14, 2002; Evans, “Missile Defense”; “Russia Deploys New Set of Strategic Nuclear Missiles,”
Pravda
(Moscow), December 24, 2005,
http://newsfromrussia.com/main/2005/12/24/70454.html
; Natural Resources Defense Council, “Russian Nuclear Forces, 2006,”
Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
62, no. 2 (March-April 2006), pp. 64-67.

58
. Ciarrocca and Hartung,
Axis of Influence,
p. 33.

59
. Quoted by Toby Eckert, Copley News Service, “Bribery Admission Spotlights Favoritism; ’Earmarking’ Has Grown in Congress,”
San Diego Union-Tribune,
December 3, 2005.

60
. Hartung, Berrigan, Ciarrocca, and Wingo, “Tangled Web 2005”; John Isaacs, “An Indefensible Budget,”
Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
61, no. 3 (May/ June 2005), p. 22.

61
. Theresa Hitchens, “Bad Time to Invest in U.S. Missile Defense Program” (speech, Royal United Services Institute’s International Missile Defense Conference, London, November 2-3,2005), Center for Defense Information, January 9, 2006; Hartung, Berrigan, Ciarrocca, and Wingo, “Tangled Web 2005”; Editorial, “Dream-Filled Missile Silos,”
New York Times,
April 1, 2004.

62
. Richard F. Kaufman, “The Folly of Space Weapons,”
TomPaine.com
, June 15, 2005,
http://www.tompaine.com/print/the_folly_of_space_weapons.php;
Lawrence S. Wittner, “Bush’s Maginot Line in the Sky,”
History News Network,
May 10, 2004,
http://hnn.us/articles/printfriendly/5026.html.

63
. David Wood, Newhouse News Service, “Pentagon’s ’Black’ Budgets Ripe for Corruption,”
San Diego Union-Tribune,
December 2, 2005.

64
. Ciarrocca and Hartung,
Axis of Influence.

65
. Bill Moyers, “Inside the Pentagon,”
Now,
transcript, Public Broadcasting Service, December 5, 2003,
http://www.pbs.org/now/transcript/transcript245_full.html
.

66
. See Ken Silverstein, “Huntsville’s Missile Payload,”
Mother Jones,
July-August 2001.

67
. Quoted by Mike Moore, “Space War—Now We’re Jammin!”
Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
61, no. 2 (March/April 2005), pp. 6-8; Donna Miles, “Iraq lamming Incident Underscores Lessons about Space,” American Forces Press Service, September 15, 2004,
http://www.defenselink.mil/news/Sep2004/n09152004_2004091510.html
.

68
. George Smith, “Weapon of the Week: The Ruski Jammer,”
Village Voice,
January 22-28,2003.

69
. Moore, “Space War.”

70
. Federal Aviation Administration, “Satellite Navigation,”
http://gps.faa.gov/GPSbasics/index.htm
; Wikipedia, “Global Positioning System,” January 18, 2006,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gps
.

71
. David Whitman, “Keeping Our Bearings: The Coming War over the Global Positioning System,”
US. News & World Report,
October 21, 2002, pp. 72-73.

72
. For further details and a survey of GPS, see Morag Chivers, “Differential GPS Explained,” ESRI,
http://www.esri.com/news/arcuser/0103/differentiallof2.html
.

73
. “President Clinton: Improving the Civilian Global Positioning System (GPS),” May 1, 2000,
http://clinton3.nara.gov/WH/EOP/OSTP/html/0053_4.html
.

74
. Jennifer Lee, “Europe Plans to Compete with U.S. Satellite Network,”
New York Times,
November 26, 2001; European Space Agency, “What Is Galileo?” March 17, 2005,
http://www.esa.int/esaNA/GGGMX650NDC_index_2.html
; Jonathan Amos, “Europe’s Galileo Project,”
BBC News,
December 28, 2005; Daniel Clery, “Find Yourself with Galileo: Europeans Will Not Have to Rely on the U.S. Military,”
Financial Times,
March 10, 2006.

75
. Wikipedia, “Galileo Positioning System,” January 18, 2006,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galileo_positioning_system
; George Parker and John Thornhill, “European Navigation Satellite a Challenge to the U.S.,”
Financial Times,
December 29, 2005.

76
. Benjamin S. Lambeth,
Mastering the High Ground: Next Steps in the Military Uses of Space
(Santa Monica, CA: The RAND Corp., 2003), p. 103.

77
. Katherine Shrader, “U.S. Has More Satellites in Orbit than Other Countries,” Associated Press, December 9, 2005.

78
. Hitchens, “Weapons in Space”; Satellite Industry Association, “SIA Releases Satellite Industry Report,” press release, Long Beach, CA, June 6, 2005.

79
. Philip E. Coyle and John B. Rhinelander, “Drawing the Line: The Path to Controlling Weapons in Space,”
Disarmament Diplomacy,
no. 66 (September 2002); Hitchens, “Weapons in Space.”

80
. “The 1945 Proposal by Arthur C. Clarke for Geostationary Satellite Communications,”
http://lakdiva.org/clarke/1945ww/.

81
. Thomas Graham Jr., “Space Weapons and the Risk of Accidental Nuclear War,”
Arms Control Today,
December 2005,
http://www.armscontrol.org/act/2005_12/Dec-spaceweapons.asp
.

82
. “Yugoslavia—Afghanistan—Iraq: The Satellite Wars,”
Space Today Online,
http://www.spacetoday.org/Satellites/YugoWarSats.html
.

83
. Jack Kelly, “U.S. the Leader in War.”

84
. “Satellite’s Death Puts Millions Out of Touch,”
USA Today,
May 21, 1998; Caron Carlson, “What Went Wrong? High Costs Don’t Support Benefits,”
Wireless Week,
May 25, 1998,
http://www.wirelessweek.com/article/CA4355.html?spacedesc=
; Boeing Integrated Defense Systems, “Galaxy IV Specifications,”
http://www.boeing.com/defense-space/space/bss/factsheets/601/galaxy_iv/galaxy_iv.html
; Lambeth,
Mastering the High Ground,
p. 104. Environmental and weather satellites are threatened by a shortage of money
as military demands crowd out civilian and scientific projects. See Matt Crenson, Associated Press, “Budgets Imperil Environmental Satellites,”
ABC News,
March 10, 2006,
http://abcnews.go.com/US/print?id-1693735.

85
. From
Air Force Magazine,
January 2005, quoted by Theresa Hitchens, “Worst-Case Mentality Clouds USAF Space Strategy,” Center for Defense Information, February 14, 2005,
http://www.cdi.org/friendlyversion/printversion.cfm?documentID=2885
.

86
. Lambeth,
Mastering the High Ground,
p. 104.

87
. Hitchens, “Worst-Case Mentality.” Members of the Council on Foreign Relations Study Group on Space Weapons write, “The quality of available information about what is going on in space—so-called space situational awareness—is currently one of the United States’ most urgent space security shortcomings.”
International Security
(Fall 2004), p. 56.

88
. Gronlund, “Fire, Aim, Ready,” pp. 67-68.

89
. Patrick Radden Keefe, “A Shortsighted Eye in the Sky,”
New York Times,
February 5, 2005; Jeffrey Richelson, “The Spy Satellite So Stealthy that the Senate Couldn’t Kill It,” National Security Archive, Washington, DC, December 14, 2004; Walter Pincus, “Spy Satellites Are Under Scrutiny,”
Washington Post,
August 16, 2005. The leading authority on codes, special access projects, and the black budget, William Arkin, notes that “Misty” is a very black code word indeed. All he can say about it is “Possible code word for possible stealth reconnaissance satellite.” See
Code Names,
p. 426.

90
. Justin Ray, “Minotaur Rocket Launches U.S. Military Spacecraft,”
Spaceflight Now,
April 11, 2005,
http://www.spaceflightnow.com/minotaur/xssl1/
. Giuseppe Anzera comments, “XSS-11 is in fact specifically designed to disturb other states’ military reconnaissance or communications satellites.” See “The Pentagons Bid to Militarize Space,”
Power and Interest News Report (PINR),
August 17, 2005, http://www.pinr.com/report.php?ac=view_printable&report_id=347&language_id= 1.

91
. Jeffrey Lewis, International Network of Engineers and Scientists Against Proliferation, “Space Weapons in U.S. Defense Planning,”
Bulletin
23 (n.d., c. 2004),
http://www.inesap.org/bulletin23/art03.htm.