Nixon and Mao (48 page)

81. Strober and Strober, p. 128.

82.
USOH,
Freeman.

83. Isaacson, p. 198.

84. Hersh, p. 32.

85. Ibid., p. 33.

86. Haldeman,
Diaries,
p. 289.

87. Author interview with Henry Kissinger.

88. Haldeman,
Diaries,
pp. 253–54.

89. Ibid., p. 413;
USOH,
Freeman.

90. Haldeman,
Diaries,
p. 413.

91. Memorandum of Conversation, October 21, 1971, 10:30
A.M.–
1:45
P.M.,
NSA, Electronic Briefing Book No. 70, Doc. 11, p. 5.

CHAPTER 5: MEETING WITH MAO

1. Li Zhisui, pp. 542–43.

2. Ibid., p. 547.

3. Ibid., pp. 551–52.

4. Ibid., pp. 553–58.

5. Ibid., pp. 561–63.

6. Ibid., p. 563.

7.
USOH,
Lord.

8. Garver,
Foreign Relations,
p. 9.

9. Luo, p. 155.

10. Schram,
Political Thought,
p. 256.

11. See Michael Hunt,
Genesis,
chapter 1, for a discussion of this point.

12.
WHY,
p. 1057.

13.
USOH,
Lord.

14. Li Zhisui, p. 564.

15. Haldeman,
Diaries,
p. 414.

16. Kraft, p. 20.

17. Li Zhisui, pp. 78–79; Chang and Halliday, p. 345.

18.
WHY,
p. 1058.

19.
USOH,
Lord.

20.
WHY,
p. 1059.

21.
RN,
p. 560.

22. Burr,
Kissinger Transcripts,
p. 59.

23. Ibid., p. 60.

24.
WHY,
p. 1064.

25. Burr,
Kissinger Transcripts,
p. 65.

26. Ibid., p. 61.

27. Teng and Fairbank, p. 19.

28. Burr,
Kissinger Transcripts,
p. 62.

29. Ibid., p. 61.

30. Ibid.

31. Ibid., p. 62.

32. Ibid., p. 60.

33. Ibid., p. 63.

34. Ibid., p. 59.

35. Ibid., p. 60.

36. Li Zhisui, p. 565.

37. Burr,
Kissinger Transcripts,
p. 64.

38. Ibid.

39. Ibid., p. 65.

40. Ibid.

41. “Niksong Dangnian Fanghua Xianwei Renzhi De Neimu.”

42. Li Zhisui, p. 565; Heath, p. 495.

43. Haldeman,
Diaries,
p. 414.

44.
USOH,
Lord.

45.
USOH,
Freeman.

46.
WHY,
p. 1057.

47.
RN,
p. 561.

48. Safire, p. 411.

49.
WHY,
pp. 1058, 1059.

50. Author interview with Henry Kissinger, May 18, 2003;
USOH,
Lord.

51. Strober and Strober, p. 136.

52.
WHY,
p. 1061.

53. Kalb, p. 270.

CHAPTER 6: MAO TSE-TUNG

1. Burr,
Kissinger Transcripts,
p. 65.

2. Ambrose,
Nixon: Triumph,
p. 454.

3. See, for example, Ambrose,
Nixon: Triumph,
p. 409.

4. Li Zhisui, pp. 478–79.

5. Short,
Mao,
pp. 60–61.

6.
Mao Zedong on Diplomacy,
pp. 419–20.

7. Teiwes, p. 1.

8. Schram,
Mao Tse-tung,
p. 29.

9. Short,
Mao,
p. 33.

10. Ibid., pp. 26–27, 33–34.

11. Ibid., p. 29.

12. Chang and Halliday, p. 6.

13. Short,
Mao,
p. 37.

14. Ibid., pp. 37, 55; Schram,
Mao Tse-tung,
p. 25.

15. Short,
Mao,
p. 66.

16. Ibid., p. 57.

17. Schram,
Political Thought,
p. 143.

18. Ibid., p. 94.

19. Chang and Halliday, p. 269; Khrushchev, p. 249.

20. Short,
Mao,
p. 60.

21. Ibid.

22. Ibid., p. 102.

23. Chang and Halliday, p. 18.

24. Ibid., pp. 24–25.

25. Ibid., pp. 144, 158–60.

26. Short,
Mao,
pp. 382, 395; Chang and Halliday, p. 279.

27. Short,
Mao,
p. 396.

28. Smedley, p. 170.

29. Chang and Halliday, p. 632; Li Zhisui, pp. 120–21.

30. Short,
Mao,
p. 434.

31. Jin, p. 51.

32. Quan, p. 43.

33. Ji.

34. Ross, “From Lin Biao,” p. 272.

35. Chang and Halliday, p. 409.

36. Short,
Mao,
p. 226; Chang and Halliday, pp. 83–91.

37. Chang and Halliday, p. 346.

38. Li Zhisui, pp. 363–64.

39. Hunt,
Genesis,
p. 7.

40. Khrushchev (1974), p. 252.

41. Short,
Mao,
p. 70.

42. Teiwes, p. 75.

43. Fang and Fang, pp. 123–24; Jin, p. 74.

44. Quan, pp. 44, 45–47.

45. Li Zhisui, pp. 120–21.

46. Chang and Halliday, p. 454.

47. Schoenhals, p. 96.

48. Short,
Mao,
p. 79.

49. Chang and Halliday, p. 432.

50. Schram,
Political Thought,
p. 182.

51. Ibid., p. 253.

52. Luo, p. 214.

53. Li Zhisui, p. 126.

54. Quan, pp. 90–92, 97, 99, 113, 115; Li Zhisui, p. 107.

55. Quan, p. 29; Li Zhisui, p. 99.

56. Quan, p. 111.

57. Short,
Mao,
p. 586.

58. Quan, p. 153.

59. Jin, p. 206.

60. Li Zhisui, pp. 509–10.

61. Ibid., p. 560.

62. Short,
Mao,
pp. 149, 298, 403, 422; Li Zhisui, pp. 109–10.

63. Li Zhisui, pp. 233, 369, 443.

64. Author interview with Zhang Hanzhi.

65. Author interview with John Fraser; Holdridge, p. 84; Kraft, p. 22; Osborne, p. 25.

CHAPTER 7: THE LONG FREEZE

1. Memorandum of Conversation, February 21, 1972, NSA, Record of Historic Richard Nixon–Zhou Enlai Talks in February 1972, Now Declassified, pp. 4, 2.

2. Ibid., p. 6.

3. Ibid., p. 3.

4. Ibid., p. 5.

5.
WHY,
p. 1070.

6. Memorandum of Conversation, February 21, 1972, NSA, Record of Historic Richard Nixon–Zhou Enlai Talks in February 1972, Now Declassified, p. 5.

7. Ibid., p. 9.

8. Ibid., p. 6.

9. Ibid., p. 4.

10. Di, pp. 145, 155.

11. Carter, p. 40.

12. Hunt,
Genesis,
p. 168; Friedman, pp. 59–60.

13. Di, p. 147.

14.
Mao Zedong on Diplomacy,
pp. 46–47.

15. See Chen Jian,
Mao’s China,
chapter 2 passim.

16.
Mao Zedong on Diplomacy,
p. 73.

17. Ibid., p. 85.

18. Ibid., p. 88; Garver,
Foreign Relations,
p. 8.

19.
Mao Zedong on Diplomacy,
p. 81.

20. Ibid., p. 70.

21. Chen Jian,
Mao’s China,
p. 180.

22. Lowe, p. 111.

23. Gordon H. Chang, pp. 50–59;
USOH,
Holloway.

24. Gordon H. Chang, p. 67.

25. Ibid., p. 68.

26. Ibid., p. 76.

27.
USOH,
Kreisberg.

28.
USOH,
Lutkins.

29.
USOH,
Kreisberg.

30.
USOH,
Green, chapter II.

31.
USOH,
Johnson.

32.
USOH,
Levin.

33. Zhai,
Dragon,
pp. 7–8, 11.

34. Shambaugh, p. 6.

35. Arkush and Lee, pp. 254, 246ff.

36.
USOH,
Thayer; see also Lacey, Lutkins, and Johnson.

37.
USOH,
Lutkins, Clough, and Holdridge.

38. Di, p. 151.

39.
USOH,
Clough;
USOH,
Supplement, Fischer.

40.
USOH,
Osborn.

41.
USOH,
Holdridge.

42. Luo, p. 162.

43.
USOH,
Supplement, Fischer.

CHAPTER 8: BREAKING THE PATTERN

1. NSA, Memorandum of Conversation, February 21, 1972, p. 7.

2. Garver,
Foreign Relations,
p. 155 and n. 28.

3. Foot, “Redefinitions,” pp. 264–65.

4. Shao, pp. 195–96.

5.
USOH,
Grant.

6. Cohen, pp. 190–91.

7.
USOH,
Holdridge.

8. Barnouin and Yu, p. 47.

9. Chen Jian,
Mao’s China,
pp. 221–29.

10. Garver,
Foreign Relations,
pp. 291–92.

11.
Mao Zedong on Diplomacy,
p. 425.

12. Ibid., p. 426.

13. Yan and Gao, p. 74.

14. Barnouin and Yu, pp. 66–69.

15. Brady, pp. 163–69.

16.
USOH,
Green, chapter V.

17. Chen and Wilson, “All Under the Heaven,” p. 164.

18. Ibid., p. 163.

19.
RN,
p. 353.

20. Haldeman,
Diaries,
p. 519.

21. Haldeman, CD-ROM, May 13, 1971.

22. Ibid., July 1, 1971.

23. Haldeman,
Diaries,
p. 73.

24.
FRUS, Foundations,
p. 110.

25. Aitken, p. 244.

26. Haldeman,
Diaries,
p. 108.

27. Winston Lord interview, October 19, 1977, Gerald R. Ford Library.

28.
FRUS, Foundations,
p. 151.

29. Ibid., p. 154.

30. Ibid., pp. 56–57.

31. Ibid., p. 122.

32.
WHY,
pp. 129–30.

33. Ibid., p. 192.

34. Kissinger,
Years of Upheaval,
p. 70.

35.
FRUS, Foundations,
p. 154.

36.
WHY,
pp. 164, 712, 763–70.

CHAPTER 9: THE POLAR BEAR

1. Barnouin and Yu, pp. 108–09.

2.
USOH,
Freeman.

3. Khrushchev (1970), p. 466.

4. Ibid., p. 245.

5. Leys,
Chinese Shadows,
p. 181.

6. Short,
Mao,
p. 421.

7. Goncharov et al., p. 8.

8. Khrushchev (1970), p. 462.

9. Goncharov et al., pp. 79–80.

10. Ibid., pp. 85–93.

11. Short,
Mao,
p. 424.

12. Goncharov et al., p. 127.

13. Ibid., pp. 107–09.

14. Zhihua, pp. 44–68.

15. Chen Jian,
Mao’s China,
p. 58.

16. Ibid., pp. 58–61.

17. Khrushchev (1974), p. 249.

18. Chen Jian,
Mao’s China,
pp. 64–68.

19. Khrushchev (1974), p. 250.

20. Strong and Keyssar, pp. 503–04.

21. Chen Jian,
Mao’s China,
pp. 77–78.

22. Yang Kuisong, pp. 18–19.

23. Li Zhisui, p. 270.

24. Share, p. 9.

25. Taubman, p. 392.

26. Schram,
Mao Tse-tung,
p. 291.

27. Taubman, p. 341.

28. Hsüeh and North, p. 22.

29. Luo, p. 167.

30. Chang and Halliday, p. 505.

31.
Mao Zedong on Diplomacy,
p. 424.

32. “Conversation Between Mao Zedong and E. F. Hill, November 28, 1968” in
Mao Zedong on Diplomacy,
p. 424; Chen and Wilson, “All Under Heaven,” pp. 157–61.

33. Yang Kuisong, pp. 36–37.

34. Chang and Halliday, pp. 503–04; Naughton, pp. 351–86.

35. Lilley, p. 146.

36.
USOH,
Supplement, Dean.

37. Barnouin and Yu, p. 86

38. Garver,
Foreign Relations,
pp. 304–05.

39. Ostermann, p. 186.

40. Ibid.

41. Goldstein, p. 987, n. 9; Ostermann, p. 187; Yang Kuisong, p. 24.

42. Goldstein, pp. 992–94.

43. Ibid., p. 992, n. 40; p. 994.

44. Ibid., p. 987.

45. Barnouin and Yu, p. 89; Chang and Halliday, p. 570.

46. Yang Kuisong, p. 27.

47.
USOH,
Holdridge.

48. Ma, p. 334.

49. “NIE 11/13-69: The USSR and China,” in National Intelligence Council,
Tracking the Dragon,
p. 4.

50. Goldstein, passim.

51. Yang Kuisong, p. 21.

52. Ibid., p. 30.

53. Ostermann, pp. 187–88.

54. Ross and Changbin, p. 368.

55. Yang Kuisong, p. 32.

56. Chang and Halliday, pp. 570–71.

57. Garver,
China’s Decision,
p. 57.

58. Ibid., p. 58.

59. Zhang Baijia, pp. 67–68.

60. Whiting, p. 336.

61. Yang Kuisong, p. 34.

62. Wishnick,
Mending Fences,
p. 35.

63. Hoff, p. 197; Whiting, p. 226.

64.
WHY,
p. 184.

65. Yang Kuisong, p. 35.

66. Ibid., pp. 35–36.

67. Ibid., p. 36.

68. Barnouin and Yu, p. 91.

69. Wishnick, “In the Region,” p. 198.

70. Yang Kuisong, pp. 37–39; “Soviet Report on 11 September 1969 Kosygin-Zhou Meeting,”
CWIHP Bulletin
6–7 (Winter 1995/1996), pp. 191–93; Luo, pp. 273–74.

71. “Soviet Report on 11 September 1969 Kosygin-Zhou Meeting,”
CWIHP Bulletin
6–7 (Winter 1995/1996), p. 192.

72. Yang Kuisong, p. 40.

73. “Soviet Report on 11 September 1969 Kosygin-Zhou Meeting,”
CWIHP Bulletin
6–7 (Winter 1995/1996), p. 193.

74.
WHY,
p. 185.

75. Yang Kuisong, p. 39; Tyler, p. 77; Pollock, pp. 244–71.

76. Yang Kuisong, p. 40.

77. Chang and Halliday, p. 572; Yang Kuisong, pp. 40–41, 47–48; Ma, pp. 242–43.

78. Author interviews.

79. Hsüeh and North, p. 25.

80. Ma, p. 294.

81. Luo, pp. 254–56.

82. Zhang Baijia, p. 69.

83. Luo, p. 162.

84. Ibid., p. 166.

85. Ibid., pp. 272–73.

86. Chen and Wilson, “All Under Heaven,” pp. 166–68.

87. Ibid., p. 170.

88. Ibid., p. 171.

89. Ma, p. 301.

90. Zhang Baijia, p. 71.

91. Yang Kuisong, p. 43.

92. Li Zhisui, p. 514.

93.
WHY,
p. 182.

94. Luo, p. 275.

CHAPTER 10: THE OPENING BANQUET

1.
USOH,
Lord.