No Contest (61 page)

Prosocial behaviors in young children,
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,
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“Pseudofeminism,”
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Psychoanalysis,
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Psychological health: effect of competition on,
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–
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; effect of cooperation on,
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–
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; not a function of a society's competitiveness,
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; reduces need to compete,
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Public vs. private sectors,
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,
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Pugh, George Edgin,
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Quantification,
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Rationalization,
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Reagan, Ronald,
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Realism, effect of arguments for,
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n
.
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Recreation, competition and.
See
Games, competitive; Sports

Regulation, economic,
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,
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Relationships: affirmation of, by women,
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; among heterogeneous students,
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; fostered by cooperation,
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–
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; ideal model of,
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; poisoned by competition,
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; shaped by structure of interaction,
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Religions, competition among,
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n
.
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Reporters.
See
Journalism

Reward distribution, effect of, on performance,
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Rewards.
See
Extrinsic vs. intrinsic motivation

Rich, Yisrael,
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Riesman, David,
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,
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Rigidity, psychological,
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Risk-taking,
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Rogers, Carl,
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n
. ,
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n
.
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.
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Rose, I. Nelson,
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n
-
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Rosenberg, Morris,
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n
.
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Rousseau, Jean-Jacques,
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n
.

Ruben, Harvey,
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Rubin, Lillian,
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Rubinstein, Ruth,
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Rules: in competitive games,
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; in noncompetitive games,
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; in play,
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Rural vs. urban cultures, competition and cooperation in,
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Russell, Bertrand,
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,
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Ryan, Frank,
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.
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Sadler, William A.,
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Sage, George,
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Sagotsky, Gerald,
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,
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Sahlins, Marshall,
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n
.
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n
.
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Sapon-Shevin, Mara,
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n
.
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.
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Sassen, Georgia,
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Scarcity: created by competition,
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; definitions of,
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; not a predictor of a society's competitiveness,
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Schaps, Eric,
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Schniedewind, Nancy,
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Schooling.
See
Education

Science, competition vs. cooperation in,
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Security, psychological,
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Seeley, John R.,
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Self-destructive behavior,
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Self-esteem,
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Shaffer, Thomas L.,
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Sharan, Shlomo,
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n
.
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Sharan, Yael,
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Sherif, Muzafer,
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Shields, David L.,
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n
.
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n
.
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Shirk, Susan,
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Sibling rivalry,
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,
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.
See also
Family: competition in

Simpson, George Gaylord,
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Sipes, Richard G.,
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n
.
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Slater, Philip,
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Slavin, Robert,
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Smith, Adam,
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Sobel, Jeffrey,
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n
.
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Social change.
See
Collective action for social change

Social interaction.
See
Relationships

Sociobiology,
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n
.
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n
.
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Sorrentino, Richard,
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Soviet Union: dissolution of,
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; space race with,
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n
.

Spence, Janet,
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,
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n
.
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Spencer, Herbert,
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Spitz, Mark,
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Sports: anxiety in,
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; as character builder,
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–
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; defended by conservatives,
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; defined,
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n
. ; degree of competition in,
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; effects on fans,
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–
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; excellence vs. competition in,
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–
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; hostility and aggression in,
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; vs. play,
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; popularity of, in U.S.,
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; as socializing agents,
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; and women,
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n
.
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Sportsmanship,
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Stahelski, Anthony J.,
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Stanciu, George,
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Stock ownership,
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Strick, Anne,
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n
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Structural competition: as cause of abuses,
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; as cause of intentional competition,
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; defined,
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; in schools,
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; reducing,
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Structural explanations,
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See also
Structural competition

Student collaboration,
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Subjectivity of others,
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Success as distinct from competition,
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Suicide,
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Sullivan, Harry Stack,
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Survival, as distinct from competition,
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Survival of the fittest: in nature,
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; in sports programs,
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Suttie, Ian,
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Tangu of New Guinea,
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“Team player,” being a, vs. cooperation,
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n
.

Teamwork,
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See also
Cooperation

Television,
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Tennis,
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Tension-reduction theory.
See
Homeostasis

Thayer, Frederick C.,
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Theft,
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n
.

Thorne, Barrie,
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Tjosvold, Dean,
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n
.
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Tracking,
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n
.
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Trippett, Frank,
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Trust,
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Tutko, Thomas,
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n
.
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Ulcers,
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Underwood, John,
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,
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n
.
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Urban vs. rural cultures, competition and cooperation in,
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Utopianism.
See
Realism, effect of arguments for

 

Valenstein, Karen,
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Values: in research,
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; in school,
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–
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Vanderzwaag, Harold J.,
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,
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n
.
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Veroff, Joseph,
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Victory, thrill of,
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,
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–
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Violence.
See
Aggression

 

Wachtel, Paul,
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n
.
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Walker, Stuart,
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n
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Waoranis of the Amazon,
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War,
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n
.
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Warner, Gary,
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Watergate,
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Watson, John B.,
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Watzlawick, Paul,
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–
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Wax, Joseph,
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We/they.
See
Common enemy

Webb, Noreen,
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Weisman, Mary-Lou,
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Weisskopf, Walter,
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Wellington, Arthur,
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Whiting, Beatrice and John,
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Wiens, John A.,
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Wilson, Edward O.,
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n
.
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Winer, Frank,
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,
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n
.
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Winner-take-all system, effect of, on performance,
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,
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n
.
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Winning: as addictive,
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–
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; and aggression,
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; fear of,
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–
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; pressure and,
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–
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; psychological implications of,
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–
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; and virtue,
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Winsten, Jay,
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Wolff, Robert Paul,
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n
.
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Women and competition,
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–
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Workie, Abaineh,
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