One Nation Under God: How Corporate America Invented Christian America (52 page)

41
. Fifield to Bruce Barton, 8 November 1949, Box 20, BB; Fifield to Pew, 30 March 1949, Box 24, JHP; “Memorandum from Dr. Fifield,” 2 September 1949, Box 24, JHP;
Faith and Freedom
1 (June 1950): 14; Fifield to Hoover, 31 October 1951, Box 59, HH.

42
. Eckard V. Toy,
“Faith and Freedom,
1949–1960,” in
The Conservative Press in Twentieth-Century America,
ed. Ronald Lora and William Henry Longton (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1999), 154–156; Philips-Fein,
Invisible Hands,
81–83; Donald T. Critchlow,
Phyllis Schlafly and Grassroots Conservatism: A Woman's Crusade
(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2005), 25–26; Judith Thurman, “Wilder Women,”
New Yorker,
10 August 2009, 74–80; Rose Wilder Lane,
Give Me Liberty
(n.p.: Liberty Library, 1945), 56.

43
. Haake to Pew, 5 February 1945, Box 235, JHP; “The Editor Comments,”
Faith and Freedom,
December 1949, 1–3.

44
. “The Director's Page,”
Faith and Freedom,
September 1951, 12; “The Director's Page,”
Faith and Freedom,
December 1949, 4; Roy,
Apostles of Discord,
292; “The Director's Page,”
Faith and Freedom,
September 1951, 12.

45
. “The Editor Comments,”
Faith and Freedom,
May 1952, 2; Irving E. Howard, “The Origins of the Social Gospel,”
Faith and Freedom,
May 1952, 3–7; Henry C. Link, “A Plea for Religious Intolerance,”
Faith and Freedom,
October 1950, 3–5.

46
. George S. Benson, “The Conch Island Disaster,”
Faith and Freedom,
June 1950, 3–4; Ludwig von Mises, “The Alleged Injustice of Capitalism,”
Faith and Freedom,
June 1950, 5–8; R. J. Rushdoony, “Noncompetitive Life,”
Faith and Freedom,
June 1950, 9–10; Allen W. Rucker, “Human Rights and Property Rights,”
Faith and Freedom,
June 1950, 12–13;
Faith and Freedom,
June 1950, 1, 15.

47
. Fifield to Alfred P. Sloan [Jr.], 29 November 1950, Box 54, JCI.

48
. See, for instance, “The Director's Page,”
Faith and Freedom,
March 1951, 14.

49
.
Los Angeles Examiner,
8 June 1951.

50
. Committee to Proclaim Liberty, press release, 11 June 1951, Box 69, JCI.

51
. Pew to Fifield, 22 May 1951, Box 28, JHP; Committee to Proclaim Liberty, press release, 11 June 1951, Box 69, JCI;
LAT
, 1 July 1951; Arthur M. Schlesinger,
The Coming of the New Deal, 1933–1935
(Cambridge, MA: Houghton Mifflin, 1958), 411; Charles K. McFarland,
Roosevelt, Lewis and the New Deal
(Fort Worth: Texas Christian University Press, 1970), 37.

52
. “The Preface to the Declaration of Independence,”
Faith and Freedom,
June 1951, 3.

53
. Committee to Proclaim Liberty, booklet, Box 737, OF-DDE.

54
.
Faith and Freedom,
September 1951, 6; “Proclaim Liberty” packet, n.d. [1951], Box 69, JCI. The worship calendars were available on short notice, but Spiritual Mobilization still claimed it answered requests for more than seventy thousand within a few days' time. See “The Story Behind the Committee to Proclaim Liberty,” n.d. [1951], Box 69, JCI.

55
. “The Story Behind the Committee to Proclaim Liberty”; “Proclaim Liberty Throughout All the Land,” pamphlet, n.d. [1952], Box 69, JCI;
Faith and Freedom,
September 1951, 6–7.

56
. Kenneth W. Sollitt, “Freedom Under God,”
Faith and Freedom,
September 1951, 8–11.

57
. Donald Hayne to Cecil B. DeMille, telegram, 24 May 1951, Box 945, CBD; transcript, “Mr. Ingebretsen's Telephone Conversation with Mr. Merle Jones and Mr. S. M. Nicholson of Columbia Broadcasting System,” 8 June 1951, Box 69, JCI.

58
. Memorandum and handwritten note, Box 945, CBD; transcript, “Telephone Conversation Between Mr. McCray and Mr. Ingebretsen,” 12 June 1951, Box 69, JCI; “Proclaim Liberty” packet, n.d. [1951], Box 69, JCI; “The Story Behind the Committee to Proclaim Liberty”; transcript, General Matthew B. Ridgway, “Freedom Under God,” 1 July 1951, Box 69, JCI.

59
. News clippings, Box 69, JCI.

60
. Similar “Freedom Under God” proclamations were issued by the governors of the states of Arkansas, Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, Idaho, Indiana, Maine, Maryland, Minnesota, Mississippi, Nevada, New York, Ohio, Rhode Island, South Dakota, Utah, and Washington, as well as the territory of Hawaii, and also by the mayors of Birmingham, Charlotte, Cheyenne, Chicago, Indianapolis, Minneapolis, New Orleans, New York City, Norfolk, Phoenix, Providence, St. Louis, Seattle, and Wilmington. See “Proclaim Liberty” packet; “The Story Behind the Committee to Proclaim Liberty”; and transcript, “Telephone Call to Mr. Ingebretsen from Mr. Gamble,” 12 June 1951, all in Box 69, JCI.

61
. News clippings, Box 69, JCI; “The Story Behind the Committee to Proclaim Liberty.”

62
. “The Story Behind the Committee to Proclaim Liberty”; Fifield to Pew, 9 November 1951, Box 30, JHP; Fifield to Hoover, 9 November 1951, Box 59, HH.

CHAPTER 2: THE GREAT CRUSADES

1
. Billy Graham, “We Need Revival,” text reprinted in Billy Graham,
Revival in Our Time
(Wheaton, IL: Van Kampen Press, 1950), 69–80;
LAT
, 26 September 1949;
Los Angeles Sentinel,
29 September 1949.

2
. Graham, “We Need Revival,” 72–73;
LAT,
29 September, 31 October, 21 November 1949; Marshall Frady,
Billy Graham: A Parable of American Righteousness
(New York: Simon and Schuster, 1979), 201–204; “A Spiritual Upheaval! The 1949 History-Making Billy Graham Revival in Los Angeles,” pamphlet, Box 1, WH.

3
. For recent examples of the growing literature on the religious traits of the Cold War, see Preston,
Sword of the Spirit, Shield of Faith;
Herzog,
Spiritual-Industrial Complex;
Gunn,
Spiritual Weapons;
Inboden,
Religion and American Foreign Policy.

4
. Billy Graham, “God Before Gold,”
Nation's Business,
September 1954, 34 (emphasis in original).

5
. William Martin,
A Prophet with Honor: The Billy Graham Story
(New York: William Morrow, 1991), 140; John Corry, “God, Country, and Billy Graham,”
Harper's Magazine,
February 1969, 34.

6
. James L. McAllister, “Evangelical Faith and Billy Graham,”
Social Action,
March 1953, 23; William C. Loughlin,
Billy Graham: Revivalist in a Secular Age
(New York: Ronald Press, 1960), 99–100.

7
. Loughlin,
Billy Graham,
99, 102–103.

8
. Transcript, Franklin D. Roosevelt, inaugural address, 20 January 1937, located in Woolley and Peters, American Presidency Project (
http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws
); Abraham Vereide to Franklin Roosevelt, 5 February 1937, President's Personal File, Container 231, Franklin D. Roosevelt Library, cited in Ronald Isetti, “The Moneychangers and the Temple: FDR, American Civil Religion, and the New Deal,”
Presidential Studies Quarterly,
Summer 1996, 682.

9
.
ST
, 20 October 1917, 29 May 1927, 11 September 1955; Jeff Sharlet,
The Family: The Secret Fundamentalism at the Heart of American Power
(New York: HarperCollins, 2008): 96; Grubb,
Modern Viking,
47–49.

10
. William E. Leuchtenburg,
Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal
(New York: Harper, 1963), 113–114; Sharlet,
The Family,
101–108; Kevin Starr,
Endangered Dreams: The Great Depression in California
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1997), 93–120.

11
. Richard C. Berner,
Seattle 1921–1940: From Boom to Bust
(Seattle: Charles Press, 1992), 333–348;
ST,
27 May 1934;
Seattle Post-Intelligencer,
13 May 1934; Bruce Nelson,
Workers on the Waterfront: Seamen, Longshoremen, and Unionism in the 1930s
(Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1990), 190.

12
. Grubb,
Modern Viking,
54–56;
ST,
15 December 1943; “Christian Leaders: On the Way Up,”
Christian Life,
August 1955, clipping in Box 456, RFF; Sharlet,
The Family,
111.

13
. Grubb,
Modern Viking,
57; Berner,
Seattle,
349–355, 398–401;
LAT,
10 March 1938;
NYT,
10 March 1938;
WSJ,
10 March 1938; Roger Morris,
Richard Milhous Nixon: The Rise of an American Politician
(New York: Henry Holt, 1991), 726.

14
.
ST,
14 July 1935; “A National Program for City Chapel, Inc.,” report, n.d. [1942], Box 496, RFF; “The Breakfast Groups, Information and Invitation,” copy, n.d. [1943], Box 496, RFF; Grubb,
Modern Viking,
66; Vereide to Walter Bailey, 26 March 1946, Box 497, RFF.

15
. “The Breakfast Group,” pamphlet, n.d. [1942], RRF; Grubb,
Modern Viking,
69–70; House of Representatives Breakfast Group, program, March 1944, RRF; House of Representatives Breakfast Group, program, September 1945, RRF; United States Senate Breakfast Group, program, May 1945, RRF.

16
. The presidency of the House prayer group largely rotated between Democratic and Republican members, for instance, but of the Democrats who held the leadership post in the years between 1942 and 1958, seven of the eight represented southern states. See James B. Utt to Le Roy Anderson, 15 March 1959, Box 407, RFF.

17
. House of Representatives Breakfast Group, program, March 1944, RRF; Grubb,
Modern Viking,
72.

18
. Floyd M. Downs to Vereide, 23 March 1945, Box 497, RFF; Vereide to Downs, 28 March 1945, Box 497, RFF; Harold H. Burton to Downs, 29 March 1945, Box 497, RFF.

19
. Grubb,
Modern Viking,
71, 74–75, 82, 87, 89; Raymond Willis and Vereide to Joseph N. Pew Jr., 14 June 1945, and J. N. Pew Jr. to Vereide, 18 June 1945, Box 497, RFF.

20
. Vereide to Frank [Carlson?], 29 June 1946, Box 497, RFF; Sharlet,
The Family,
156–157;
The Breakfast Groups Informer,
January 1946, RRF.

21
. Grubb,
Modern Viking,
111.

22
. Vereide to Alexander Wiley and A. Willis Robertson, 12 January 1950, Box 466, RFF; Drew Pearson, “A Prayer Dissolves Party Lines,”
WP,
5 February 1950.

23
. Pearson, “A Prayer Dissolves Party Lines”; John Phillips to Vereide, 9 August 1948 and 10 August 1948, Box 407, RFF; Vereide to Phillips, 19 August 1948, Box 407, RFF;
Christianity Today,
14 March 1960; “Christian Leaders: On the Way Up”;
1950 Program of the Annual Meeting of International Christian Leadership, Inc.,
Box 504, RFF;
Christian Leadership News,
August 1952, copy in Box 106, RF.

24
. [Vereide] to Members of the House of Representatives Breakfast Group, 15 August 1949, Box 407, RFF.

25
. Frady,
Billy Graham,
216; Martin,
Prophet with Honor,
123–124, 133; Gibbs and Duffy,
The Preacher and the Presidents,
6–7; Greater Atlanta Evangelistic Crusade, pamphlet, n.d. [1950], Box 1, WH;
CSM,
13 April 1950;
LAT
, 14 September 1950; Greater Fort Worth Evangelistic Crusade, statistical summary, n.d. [March 1951], Box 1, WH; Greater Fort Worth Evangelistic Crusade, press release, n.d. [February 1951], Box 1, WH.

26
. Bryan Burrough,
The Big Rich: The Rise and Fall of the Greatest Texas Oil Fortunes
(New York: Penguin, 2009), 251; Robert A. Caro,
The Path to Power
(New York: Vintage Books, 1981), 617; John Connally with Mickey Herskowitz,
In History's Shadow: An American Odyssey
(New York: Hyperion, 1994), 139; James Reston
Jr.,
The Lone Star: The Life of John Connally
(New York: Harper & Row, 1989), 159; Robert A. Caro,
Master of the Senate
(New York: Knopf, 2002), 305.

27
. Reston,
Lone Star,
159; Randall B. Woods,
LBJ: Architect of American Ambition
(New York: Free Press, 2006), 145; Alfred Steinberg,
Sam Rayburn: A Biography
(New York: Hawthorne Books, 1975), 273; Frady,
Billy Graham,
231–232; Sam Kashner and Jennifer MacNair,
The Bad and The Beautiful: Hollywood in the Fifties
(New York: Norton, 2003), 123–124; promotional booklet for
Oiltown, U.S.A.,
n.d. [1954], Folder 3, EH.

28
. Loughlin,
Billy Graham,
97–98; McAllister, “Evangelical Faith and Billy Graham,” 23; Billy Graham, “God Is My Witness,”
McCall's
, June 1964, 64.

29
. Frady,
Billy Graham,
240; Martin,
A Prophet with Honor,
131–133.

30
. Merle Miller,
Plain Speaking: An Oral Biography of Harry S. Truman
(New York: Berkley, 1974), 363; Gibbs and Duffy,
The Preacher and the Presidents,
20.