One Nation Under God: How Corporate America Invented Christian America (55 page)

29
. Louis C. Rabaut to Dwight D. Eisenhower, 9 June 1954, Box 22, RPPL-DDE; Homer H. Gruenther to Gerald D. Morgan, 9 June 1954, Box 22, RPPL-DDE; Thomas E. Stephens to Gerald D. Morgan, 10 June 1954, Box 22, RPPL-DDE;
CT
, 15 June 1954; US Congress, Senate, 83rd Cong., 2nd Sess.,
CR,
22 June 1954, 8617–8618.

30
.
WP,
12 June 1955;
Chicago Defender,
15 January 1955;
LAT
, 17 February, 13 October 1955; program, the Seventh Washington Pilgrimage, “This Nation Under God,” April 1957, Box 1, HD.

31
. NYT, 28 July 1956.

32
. Ibid.

33
.
Christophers News Notes
59 (May 1954): 2;
NYT,
19 November 1986; US Congress, Senate, 83rd Cong., 1st Sess.,
CR,
27 March 1953, 2370–2371;
ADA World,
September 1953, 4A;
WP,
12 April 1953;
NYT
, 12 April 1953.

34
.
NYT
, 12 April 1953, 26 February, 4 April 1954;
NYHT,
4 April 1954, cited in US Congress, House, 83rd Cong., 2nd Sess.,
CR
, 8 April 1954, 4929–4930; US Congress, Senate, 83rd Cong., 2nd Sess.,
CR
, 8 April 1954, 4867–4869;
CT
, 4 April 1954.

35
.
WP,
4 and 7 April 1954; US Congress, Senate, 83rd Cong., 2nd Sess.,
CR,
8 April 1954, 4867–4869;
NYT
, 9 April 1954.

36
.
WP,
21 April 1954;
Church and State,
May 1954, 1, 6.

37
. US Congress, House, 83rd Cong., 2nd Sess.,
CR,
14 April 1954, 5187; US Congress, House, 84th Cong., 1st Sess., Report Authorizing Special Canceling Stamp “Pray for Peace,” H.R. 692, 7 June 1955; US Congress, Senate, 84th Cong., 2nd Sess., Transcript of Proceedings Before the Committee on the Post Office and Civil Service, H.R. 692, 6 March 1956; Maurice H. Stans to Percival F. Brundage, 13 June 1956, Box 75, RPPL-DDE; Roger W. Jones to Dwight D. Eisenhower, 15 June 1956, Box 75, RPPL-DDE; Miller,
Piety on the Potomac,
41.

38
.
The Numismatist,
October 1954, 1064; memorandum, “Re: In God We Trust,” 24 May 1972, Box 6, CEB; Donald K. Carroll to Charles E. Bennett, 28 December 1954, Box 83, CEB.

39
.
Florida Times-Union,
9 September 2003, 13 December 2010;
NYT
, 24 September 2010.

40
. Donald K. Carroll to Charles E. Bennett, 28 December 1954, Box 83, CEB; James B. Utt to Le Roy Anderson, 15 March 1959, Box 407, RFF;
International Christian Leadership Bulletin,
February 1954, RRF.

41
.
CSM,
11 January 1955; Donald K. Carroll to Charles E. Bennett, 13 January 1955, Box 83, CEB; Philip J. Philbin to Frank Carlson, 12 January 1955, Box 407, RFF.

42
. George M. Humphrey to Nelson A. Rockefeller, 25 February 1955, Box 565, OF-DDE; Nelson A. Rockefeller, memorandum for the president, 3 March 1955, Box 565, OF-DDE; Eisenhower to Rockefeller, 5 March 1955, Box 31, AS-DDE; W. Randolph Burgess to Charles Bennett, 7 April 1955, Box 83, CEB; Rockefeller, memorandum for the president, 22 April 1955, Box 31, AS-DDE; Eisenhower, memorandum for the secretary of the treasury, 26 April 1955, Box 31, AS-DDE.

43
. US Congress, House, Committee on Banking and Currency, 84th Cong., 1st Sess.,
Miscellaneous Hearings
(Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1956);
ADA World,
September 1955, 2M–3M; Religious News Service, “House Unit Approves Motto on Currency,” report, 17 May 1955, Box 83, CEB; US Congress, House, Report No. 662, “Providing That All United States Currency and Coins Shall Bear the Inscription ‘In God We Trust,'” 84th Cong., 1st Sess., 26 May 1955; US Congress, House, 84th Cong., 1st Sess.,
CR,
7 June 1955, 7795–7796;
LAT,
8 June 1955.

44
. US Congress, Senate, 84th Cong., 1st Sess., Transcript of Proceedings Before the Committee on Banking and Currency, Nomination of William J. Hallahan to the Home Loan Bank Board and Other Matters, 27 June 1955;
CT,
30 June 1955.

45
. Typewritten notes for Bennett, n.d. [July 1955], Box 83, CEB; memorandum, H.R. 619, 1 July 1955, Box 565, OF-DDE; Eisenhower to Bennett, 14 July 1955, Box 565, OF-DDE; Murray Snyder to Howard Pyle, 29 March 1956, Box 565, OF-DDE.

46
. Press release, Treasury Department, 25 July 1957, Box 83, CEB;
NYT
, 2 October 1957; Bennett to Robert B. Anderson, 27 July 1957, Box 83, CEB; Anderson to Bennett, 2 August 1957, Box 83, CEB;
LAT
, 20 August 1955;
CT
, 28 July 1957. After its introduction to the dollar bill in 1957, the motto was gradually applied to the new plates for other denominations, a time-consuming process that was not completed until October 1966. See H. J. Holtzclaw to Bennett, 27 October 1966, Box 6, CEB.

47
. Bennett, interview by Don North, 17 December 1970, copy of transcript located in OH-DDE; Bennett to Legislative Reference Service, 28 April 1955, Box 83, CEB; Harold E. Snide, “The Officially Recognized Motto of the United States,” 5 May 1955, Box 6, CEB.

48
. Bennett to “Dear Colleague,” 21 July 1955, Box 83, CEB; US Congress, House, 84th Cong., 1st Sess.,
CR,
21 July 1955, 11193.

49
. Bennett to James B. Frazier Jr., 18 January 1956, Box 83, CEB; US Congress, House, Subcommittee No. 4, Judiciary Committee, 84th Cong., 2nd Sess., Hearings, “To Establish a National Motto of the U.S.” (unpublished), 24 February 1956; Ernest S. Griffith to Bennett, 14 March 1956, Box 83, CEB; Bennett to Emanuel Celler, 19 March 1956, Box 83, CEB;
ADA World,
August 1956, 3A; US Congress, House, Report No. 1959, “National Motto,” 84th Cong., 2nd Sess., 28 March 1956;
NYT
, 17 April 1956.

50
. Louis Joughin, memorandum, “Re: Hennings Committee—Religion Area,” 22 September 1955, Box 1, ACLU; Alan Reitman, memorandum, “Re: In God We Trust Motto,” 8 May 1956, Box 6, ACLU; Reitman, memorandum, “In God We Trust Motto,” 17 May 1956, Box 800, ACLU; memo from Washington office to Reitman, “Re: In God We Trust Motto,” 18 May 1956, Box 800, ACLU;
WP,
30 April 1956.

51
. Letter Draft, “Dear Senator,” 29 May 1956, Box 6, ACLU; Patrick Murphy Malin to Everett McKinley Dirksen, 25 June 1956, Box 800, ACLU.

52
. Bennett to Spessard L. Holland, 26 April 1956, Box 83, CEB; US Congress, Senate, Report No. 2703, “National Motto,” 84th Cong., 2nd Sess., 20 July 1956; US Congress, Senate, 84th Cong., 2nd Sess.,
CR,
23 July 1956, 13917;
NYT
, 24 July 1956; memorandum, “H.J. Res. 396, To Establish a National Motto of the United States,” 30 July 1956, Box 85, RPPL-DDE.

CHAPTER 5: PITCHMEN FOR PIETY

1
.
LAT
, 18 July 1955; ABC-TV,
Dateline Disneyland,
17 July 1955 (
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JuzrZET-3Ew
).

2
. Robert Pettit, “One Nation Under Walt: Disney Theme Parks as Shrines to American Civil Religion,” paper presented at the 1986 annual conference of the Popular Culture Association, copy in author's possession; ABC-TV,
Dateline Disneyland.

3
. Steven Watts, “Walt Disney: Art and Politics in the American Century,”
Journal of American History
82 (June 1995): 100–105.

4
. Robert De Roos, “The Magic Worlds of Walt Disney,” in
Disney Discourse: Producing the Magic Kingdom,
ed. Eric Smoodin (New York: Routledge, 1994), 67; Steven Watts,
The Magic Kingdom: Walt Disney and the American Way of Life
(Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 2001), 417.

5
.
NYT
, 17 May 1962; Neal Gabler,
Walt Disney: The Triumph of the American Imagination
(New York: Vintage, 2007), 499, 578; Watts,
Magic Kingdom,
392–393;
LAT
, 9 July 1957;
WSJ,
4 February 1958.

6
. Robert Griffith, “The Selling of America: The Advertising Council and American Politics, 1942–1960,”
Business History Review,
Autumn 1983, 389–390;
NYT
, 14 and 16 November 1941;
CSM,
17 November 1941; C. B. Larrabee, “If You Looked for a Miracle,”
Printer's Ink,
21 November 1941, 15.

7
. John Carlyle, “How Advertising Went to War,”
Nation's Business,
November 1944, 72; Don Wharton, “The Story Back of the War Ads,”
Reader's Digest,
July 1944, 103–105; Griffith, “The Selling of America,” 391–402; Wall,
Inventing the “American Way,”
190–197; John Vianney McGinnis, “The Advertising Council and the Cold War,” Ph.D. diss., Syracuse University, 1991, 28–68.

8
.
The J.W.T. News,
30 October 1950, JWT-NC; Griffith, “The Selling of America,” 395–396.

9
. “Religion & Madison Avenue,”
Bulletin of Religion in American Life,
January 1966, copy in Box 6, SRB; Volker R. Henning, “The Advertising Council and its ‘Religion in American Life' Campaign,” Ph.D. diss., University of Tennessee, 1996,
107–110; advertisement proofs, Religion in American Life campaign, n.d. [1949], File #469, ACHF.

10
.
The J.W.T. News,
30 October 1950, JWT-NC; Committee for Religion in American Life, 1956 Annual Report, n.d. [June 1957], Box 38, JML; transcripts, public service announcements, Religion in American Life campaign, 1955, File #984, ACHF;
J. Walter Thompson Company News,
19 November 1956, 25 November 1957, JWT-NC.

11
. Advertising Council, “Radio Fact Sheet,” n.d. [1955], File #984, ACHF; transcripts, public service announcements, Religion in American Life Campaign, 1955, File #984, ACHF; Committee for Religion in American Life, 1956 Annual Report, n.d. [June 1957], Box 38, JML.

12
. See generally Craig Allen,
Eisenhower and the Mass Media: Peace, Prosperity and Prime-Time TV
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1993); John E. Hollitz, “Eisenhower and the Admen: The Television ‘Spot' Campaign of 1952,”
Wisconsin Magazine of History
66 (Autumn 1982): 25–39; Stephen C. Wood, “Television's First Political Spot Ad Campaign: Eisenhower Answers America,”
Presidential Studies Quarterly
20 (Spring 1990): 265–283; Kurt Lang and Gladys Lang,
Politics and Television
(Chicago: Quadrangle, 1968), 84–91.

13
. Advertising Council, “Radio Fact Sheet,” n.d. [1955], File #984, ACHF; Committee for Religion in American Life, 1956 annual report, n.d. [June 1957], Box 38, JML.

14
. Committee for Religion in American Life, 1956 Annual Report, n.d. [June 1957], Box 38, JML.

15
. Religion in American Life, 1956–57 Promotional Kit, Fall 1956, Box 39, JWT-AF; Committee for Religion in American Life, 1956 Annual Report, n.d. [June 1957], Box 38, JML. Sample ads for the 1956–57 campaign may be found in File #753, ACHF.

16
. “Seven Steps to a Successful Local Religion in American Life Program,” Religion in American Life, 1956–57 Promotional Kit, Fall 1956, Box 39, JWT-AF.

17
. “Suggested Proclamation by Mayors,” “Sample News Release on Your RIAL Campaign” (emphasis in original), and “Suggested Editorial,” Religion in American Life, 1956–57 Promotional Kit, Fall 1956, Box 39, JWT-AF.

18
. Committee for Religion in American Life, 1956 Annual Report, n.d. [June 1957], Box 38, JML; Religion in American Life, “Radio Fact Sheet,” October 1957, File #821, ACHF;
J. Walter Thompson Company News,
19 November 1956, JWT-NC.

19
. Fred Seaton, transcript, first draft, “RIAL Speech—3/7/57” [28 February 1957], Box 12, Speech Series, FAS.

20
. Committee for Religion in American Life, 1956 Annual Report, n.d. [June 1957], Box 38, JML.

21
. Douglas T. Miller, “Popular Religion of the 1950's: Norman Vincent Peale and Billy Graham,”
Journal of Popular Culture
9 (Summer 1975): 66–67; Robert S. Brustein, “The New Faith of the
Saturday Evening Post,” Commentary
16 (October 1953): 367–369;
Dwight D. Eisenhower's Favorite Poetry, Prose and Prayers,
copy in Box 48, FEF.

22
. Luccock cited in Eugene Exman, “Reading, Writing and Religion,”
Harper's Magazine,
May 1953, 84; Miller, “Popular Religion,” 67;
Publishers Weekly,
23 January 1954; Elson,
America's Spiritual Recovery,
51.

23
. Miller, “Popular Religion,” 73, 67; Elson,
America's Spiritual Recovery,
41; Whitfield,
Culture of the Cold War,
85.

24
. Scott Eyman,
Empire of Dreams: The Epic Life of Cecil B. DeMille
(New York: Simon & Schuster, 2011), 369, 382, 396.

25
.
LAT,
9 April 1949, 9 January 1950, 25 March 1950, 10 March 1951; Fifteenth Anniversary Program, First Congregational Church, Los Angeles, 8 January 1950, Box 206, CBD; Cecil B. DeMille, “Champion of Democracy,” 8 January 1950, Box 206, CBD.

26
. Cecil B. DeMille, “Champion of Democracy,” 8 January 1950, Box 206, CBD; Committee to Proclaim Liberty, press release, 11 June 1951, Box 69, JCI; memorandum and handwritten note, Box 945, CBD; Frady,
Billy Graham,
202, 271.