Orientalism (63 page)

19
.
Raymond Schwab,
La Renaissance orientale
(Paris: Payot, 1950). See also V.-V. Barthold,
La Découverte de l’Asie: Histoire de l’orientalisme en Europe et en Russie
, trans. B. Nikitine (Paris: Payot, 1947), and the relevant pages in Theodor Benfey,
Geschichte der Sprachwissenschaft und Orientalischen Philologie in Deutschland
(Munich: Gottafschen, 1869). For an instructive contrast see James T. Monroe,
Islam and the Arabs in Spanish Scholarship
(Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1970).

20
.
Victor Hugo,
Oeuvres poétiques
, ed. Pierre Albouy (Paris: Gallimard, 1964), 1: 580.

21
.
Jules Mohl,
Vingt-sept Ans d’histoire des études orientales: Rapports faits à la Société asiatique de Paris de 1840 à 1867
, 2 vols. (Paris: Reinwald, 1879–80).

22
.
Gustave Dugat,
Histoire des orientalistes de l’Europe du XII
^e
au XIX
^e
siècle
, 2 vols. (Paris: Adrien Maisonneuve, 1868–70).

23
.
See René Gérard,
L’Orient et la pensée romantique allemande
(Paris: Didier, 1963), p. 112.

24
.
Kiernan,
Lords of Human Kind
, p. 131.

25
.
University Grants Committee,
Report of the Sub-Committee on Oriental, Slavonic
,
East European and African Studies
(London: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, 1961).

26
.
H. A. R. Gibb,
Area Studies Reconsidered
(London: School of Oriental and African Studies, 1964).

27
.
See Claude Lévi-Strauss,
The Savage Mind
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1967), chaps. 1–7.

28
.
Gaston Bachelard,
The Poetics of Space
, trans. Maria Jolas (New York: Orion Press, 1964).

29
.
Southern,
Western Views of Islam
, p. 14.

30
.
Aeschylus,
The Persians
, trans. Anthony J. Podleck (Englewood Cliffs, N. J.: Prentice-Hall, 1970), pp. 73–4.

31
.
Euripides,
The Bacchae
, trans. Geoffrey S. Kirk (Englewood Cliffs, N. J.: Prentice-Hall, 1970), p. 3. For further discussion of the Europe-Orient distinction see Santo Mazzarino,
Fra oriente e occidente: Ricerche di storia greca arcaica
(Florence: La Nuova Italia, 1947), and Denys Hay,
Europe: The Emergence of an Idea
(Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1968).

32
.
Euripides,
Bacchae
, p. 52.

33
.
René Grousset,
L’Empire du Levant: Histoire de la question d’Orient
(Paris: Payot, 1946).

34
.
Edward Gibbon,
The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire
(Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 1855), 6: 399.

35
.
Norman Daniel,
The Arabs and Medieval Europe
(London: Longmans, Green & Co., 1975), p. 56.

36
.
Samuel C. Chew,
The Crescent and the Rose: Islam and England During the Renaissance
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1937), p. 103.

37
.
Norman Daniel,
Islam and the West: The Making of an Image
(Edinburgh: University Press, 1960), p. 33. See also James Kritzeck,
Peter the Venerable and Islam
(Princeton, N. J.: Princeton University Press, 1964).

38
.
Daniel,
Islam and the West
, p. 252.

39
.
Ibid., pp. 259–60.

40
.
See for example William Wistar Comfort, “The Literary Rôle of the Saracens in the French Epic,”
PMLA
55 (1940): 628–59.

41
.
Southern,
Western Views of Islam
, pp. 91–2, 108–9.

42
.
Daniel,
Islam and the West
, pp. 246, 96, and passim.

43
.
Ibid., p. 84.

44
.
Duncan Black Macdonald, “Whither Islam?”
Muslim World
23 (January 1933): 2.

45
.
P. M. Holt, Introduction to
The Cambridge History of Islam
, ed. P. M. Holt, Anne K. S. Lambton, and Bernard Lewis (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1970), p. xvi.

46
.
Antoine Galland, prefatory “Discours” to Barthélemy d’Herbelot,
Bibliothèque orientale
,
ou Dictionnaire universel contenant tout ce qui fait connaître les peuples de l’Orient
(The Hague: Neaulme & van Daalen, 1777), 1: vii. Galland’s point is that d’Herbelot presented real knowledge, not legend or myth of the sort associated with the “marvels of the East.” See R. Wittkower, “Marvels of the East: A Study in the History of Monsters,”
Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes
5 (1942): 159–97.

47
.
Galland, prefatory “Discours” to d’Herbelot,
Bibliothèque orientale
, pp. xvi, xxxiii. For the state of Orientalist knowledge immediately before d’Herbelot, see V. J. Parry, “Renaissance Historical Literature in Relation to the New and Middle East (with Special Reference to Paolo Giovio),” in
Historians of the Middle East
, ed. Bernard Lewis and P. M. Holt (London: Oxford University Press, 1962), pp. 277–89.

48
.
Barthold,
La Découverte de l’Asie
, pp. 137–8.

49
.
D’Herbelot,
Bibliothèque orientale
, 2: 648.

50
.
See also Montgomery Watt, “Muhammad in the Eyes of the West,”
Boston University Journal
22, no. 3 (Fall 1974): 61–9.

51
.
Isaiah Berlin,
Historical Inevitability
(London: Oxford University Press, 1955), pp. 13–14.

52
.
Henri Pirenne,
Mohammed and Charlemagne
, trans. Bernard Miall (New York: W. W. Norton & Co., 1939), pp. 234, 283.

53
.
Quoted by Henri Baudet in
Paradise on Earth: Some Thoughts on European Images of Non-European Man
, trans. Elizabeth Wentholt (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1965), p. xiii.

54
.
Gibbon,
Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire
, 6: 289.

55
.
Baudet,
Paradise on Earth
, p. 4.

56
.
See Fieldhouse,
Colonial Empires
, pp. 138–61.

57
.
Schwab,
La Renaissance orientale
, p. 30.

58
.
A. J. Arberry,
Oriental Essays: Portraits of Seven Scholars
(New York: Macmillan Co., 1960), pp. 30, 31.

59
.
Raymond Schwab,
Vie d’Anquetil-Duperron suivie des Usages civils et religieux des Perses par Anquetil-Duperron
(Paris: Ernest Leroux, 1934), pp. 10, 96, 4, 6.

60
.
Arberry,
Oriental Essays
, pp. 62–6.

61
.
Frederick Eden Pargiter, ed.,
Centenary Volume of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland 1823–1923
(London: Royal Asiatic Society, 1923), p. viii.

62
.
Quinet,
Le Génie des religions
, p. 47.

63
.
Jean Thiry,
Bonaparte en Égypte décembre 1797–24 août 1799
(Paris: Berger-Levrault, 1973), p. 9.

64
.
Constantin-François Volney,
Voyage en Égypte et en Syrie
(Paris: Bossange, 1821), 2: 241 and passim.

65
.
Napoleon,
Campagnes d’Égypte et de Syrie, 1798–1799: Mémoires pour servir à l’histoire de Napoléon
(Paris: Comou, 1843), 1: 211.

66
.
Thiry,
Bonaparte en Égypte
, p. 126. See also Ibrahim Abu-Lughod,
Arab Rediscovery of Europe: A Study in Cultural Encounters
(Princeton, N. J.: Princeton University Press, 1963), pp. 12–20.

67
.
Abu-Lughod,
Arab Rediscovery of Europe
, p. 22.

68
.
Quoted from Arthur Helps,
The Spanish Conquest of America
(London, 1900), p. 196, by Stephen J. Greenblatt, “Learning to Curse: Aspects of Linguistic Colonialism in the Sixteenth Century,” in
First Images of America: The Impact of the New World on the Old
, ed. Fredi Chiapelli (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1976), p. 573.

69
.
Thiry,
Bonaparte en Égypte
, p. 200. Napoleon was not just being cynical. It is reported of him that he discussed Voltaire’s
Mahomet
with Goethe, and defended Islam. See Christian Cherfils,
Bonaparte et l’Islam d’après les documents français arabes
(Paris: A. Pedone, 1914), p. 249 and passim.

70
.
Thiry,
Bonaparte en Égypte
, p. 434.

71
.
Hugo,
Les Orientales, in Oeuvres poétiques
, 1: 684.

72
.
Henri Dehérain,
Silvestre de Sacy, ses contemporains et ses disciples
(Paris: Paul Geuthner, 1938), p. v.

73
.
Description de l’Égypte, ou Recueil des observations et des recherches
qui ont été faites in Égypte pendant l’expédition de l’armée française, publié par les ordres de sa majesté l’empereur Napoléon le grand
, 23 vols. (Paris: Imprimerie impériale, 1809–28).

74
.
Fourier,
Préface historique
, vol. 1 of
Description de l’Égypte
, p. 1.

75
.
Ibid., p. iii.

76
.
Ibid., p. xcii.

77
.
Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire,
Histoire naturelle des poissons du Nil
, vol. 17 of
Description de l’Égypte
, p. 2.

78
.
M. de Chabrol,
Essai sur les moeurs des habitants modernes de l’Égypte
, vol. 14 of
Description de l’Égypte
, p. 376.

79
.
This is evident in Baron Larrey,
Notice sur la conformation physique des égyptiens et des différentes races qui habitent en Égypte, suivie de quelques réflexions sur l’embaumement des momies
, vol. 13 of
Description de l’Égypte
.

80
.
Cited by John Marlowe,
The Making of the Suez Canal
(London: Cresset Press, 1964), p. 31.

81
.
Quoted in John Pudney,
Suez: De Lesseps’ Canal
(New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1969), pp. 141–2.

82
.
Marlowe,
Making of the Suez Canal
, p. 62.

83
.
Ferdinand de Lesseps,
Lettres, journal et documents pour servir à l’histoire du Canal de Suez
(Paris: Didier, 1881), 5: 310. For an apt characterization of de Lesseps and Cecil Rhodes as mystics, see Baudet,
Paradise on Earth
, p. 68.

84
.
Cited in Charles Beatty,
De Lesseps of Suez: The Man and His Times
(New York: Harper & Brothers, 1956), p. 220.

85
.
De Lesseps,
Lettres, journal et documents
, 5: 17.

86
.
Ibid., pp. 324–33.

87
.
Hayden White,
Metahistory: The Historical Imagination in Nineteenth-Century Europe
(Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1973), p. 12.

88
.
Anwar Abdel Malek, “Orientalism in Crisis,”
Diogenes
44 (Winter 1963): 107–8.

89
.
Friedrich Schlegel,
Über die Sprache und Weisheit der Indier: Ein Beitrag zur Begrundung der Altertumstunde
(Heidelberg: Mohr & Zimmer, 1808), pp. 44–59; Schlegel,
Philosophie der Geschichte: In achtzehn Vorlesungen gehalten zu Wien im Jahre 1828
, ed. Jean-Jacques Anstett, vol. 9 of Kritische Friedrich-Schlegel-Ausgabe, ed. Ernest Behler (Munich: Ferdinand Schöningh, 1971), p. 275.

90
.
Léon Poliakov,
The Aryan Myth: A History of Racist and Nationalist Ideas in Europe
, trans. Edmund Howard (New York: Basic Books, 1974).

91
.
See Derek Hopwood,
The Russian Presence in Syria and Palestine, 1843–1943: Church and Politics in the Near East
(Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1969).

92
.
A. L. Tibawi,
British Interests in Palestine, 1800–1901
(London: Oxford University Press, 1961), p. 5.

93
.
Gérard de Nerval,
Oeuvres
, ed. Albert Béguin and Jean Richet (Paris: Gallimard, 1960), 1: 933.

94
.
Hugo,
Oeuvres poétiques
, 1: 580.

95
.
Sir Walter Scott,
The Talisman
(1825; reprint ed., London: J. M. Dent, 1914), pp. 38–9.

96
.
See Albert Hourani, “Sir Hamilton Gibb, 1895–1971,”
Proceedings of the British Academy
58 (1972): 495.

97
.
Quoted by B. R. Jerman,
The Young Disraeli
(Princeton, N. J.: Princeton University Press, 1960), p. 126. See also Robert Blake,
Disraeli
(London: Eyre & Spottiswoode, 1966), pp. 59–70.