Orientalism (66 page)

103
.
Harry Levin,
The Gates of Horn: A Study of Five French Realists
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1963), p. 285.

104
.
Flaubert in Egypt
, pp. 173, 75.

105
.
Levin,
Gates of Horn
, p. 271.

106
.
Flaubert,
Catalogue des opinions chic, in Oeuvres
, 2: 1019.

107
.
Flaubert in Egypt
, p. 65.

108
.
Ibid., pp. 220, 130.

109
.
Flaubert,
La Tentation de Saint Antoine, in Oeuvres
, 1: 85.

110
.
See Flaubert,
Salammbô
, in
Oeuvres
, 1: 809 ff. See also Maurice Z. Shroder, “On Reading
Salammbô,” L’Esprit créateur
10, no. 1 (Spring 1970): 24–35.

111
.
Flaubert in Egypt
, pp. 198–9.

112
.
Foucault, “La Bibliothèque fantastique,” in Flaubert,
La Tentation de Saint Antoine
, pp. 7–33.

113
.
Flaubert in Egypt
, p. 79.

114
.
Ibid., pp. 211–2.

115
.
For a discussion of this process see Foucault,
Archaeology of Knowledge
; also Joseph Ben-David,
The Scientist’s Role in Society
(Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1971). See also Edward W. Said, “An Ethics of Language,”
Diacritics
4, no. 2 (Summer 1974): 28–37.

116
.
See the invaluable listings in Richard Bevis,
Bibliotheca Cisorientalia: An Annotated Checklist of Early English Travel Books on the Near and Middle East
(Boston: G. K. Hall & Co., 1973).

117
.
For discussions of the American travelers see Dorothee Metlitski Finkelstein,
Melville’s Orienda
(New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1961), and Franklin Walker,
Irreverent Pilgrims: Melville
,
Browne, and Mark Twain in the Holy Land
(Seattle; University of Washington Press, 1974).

118
.
Alexander William Kinglake,
Eothen, or Traces of Travel Brought Home from the East
, ed. D. G. Hogarth (1844; reprint ed., London: Henry Frowde, 1906), pp. 25, 68, 241, 220.

119
.
Flaubert in Egypt
, p. 81.

120
.
Thomas J. Assad,
Three Victorian Travellers: Burton, Blunt and Doughty
(London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1964), p. 5.

121
.
Richard Burton,
Personal Narrative of a Pilgrimage to al-Madinah and Meccah
, ed. Isabel Burton (London: Tylston & Edwards, 1893), 1: 9, 108–10.

122
.
Richard Burton, “Terminal Essay,” in
The Book of the Thousand and One Nights
(London: Burton Club, 1886), 10: 63–302.

123
.
Burton,
Pilgrimage
, 1: 112, 114.

1
.
Friedrich Nietzsche, “On Truth and Lie in an Extra-Moral Sense,” in
The Portable Nietzsche
, ed. and trans. Walter Kaufmann (New York: Viking Press, 1954), pp. 46–7.

2
.
The number of Arab travelers to the West is estimated and considered by Ibrahim Abu-Lughod in
Arab Rediscovery of Europe: A Study in Cultural Encounters
(Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1963), pp. 75–6 and passim.

3
.
See Philip D. Curtin, ed.,
Imperialism: The Documentary History of Western Civilization
(New York: Walker & Co., 1972), pp. 73–105.

4
.
See Johann W. Fück, “Islam as an Historical Problem in European Historiography since 1800,” in
Historians of the Middle East
, ed. Bernard Lewis and P. M. Holt (London: Oxford University Press, 1962), p. 307.

5
.
Ibid., p. 309.

6
.
See Jacques Waardenburg,
L’Islam dans le miroir de l’Occident
(The Hague: Mouton & Co., 1963).

7
.
Ibid., p. 311.

8
.
P. Masson-Oursel, “La Connaissance scientifique de l’Asie en France depuis 1900 et les variétés de l’Orientalisme,”
Revue Philosophique
143, nos. 7–9 (July–September 1953): 345.

9
.
Evelyn Baring, Lord Cromer,
Modern Egypt
(New York: Macmillan Co., 1908), 2: 237–8.

10
.
Evelyn Baring, Lord Cromer,
Ancient and Modern Imperialism
(London: John Murray, 1910), pp. 118, 120.

11
.
George Nathaniel Curzon,
Subjects of the Day: Being a Selection of Speeches and Writings
(London: George Allen & Unwin, 1915), pp. 4–5, 10, 28.

12
.
Ibid., pp. 184, 191–2. For the history of the school, see C. H. Phillips,
The School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, 1917–1967: An Introduction
(London: Design for Print, 1967).

13
.
Eric Stokes,
The English Utilitarians and India
(Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1959).

14
.
Cited in Michael Edwardes,
High Noon of Empire: India Under Curzon
(London: Eyre & Spottiswoode, 1965), pp. 38–9.

15
.
Curzon,
Subjects of the Day
, pp. 155–6.

16
.
Joseph Conrad,
Heart of Darkness
, in
Youth and Two Other Stories
(Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, Page, 1925), p. 52.

17
.
For an illustrative extract from de Vattel’s work see Curtin, ed.,
Imperialism
, pp. 42–5.

18
.
Cited by M. de Caix,
La Syrie
in Gabriel Hanotaux,
Histoire des colonies françaises
, 6 vols. (Paris: Société de l’histoire nationale, 1929–33), 3: 481.

19
.
These details are to be found in Vernon McKay, “Colonialism in the French Geographical Movement,”
Geographical Review
33, no. 2 (April 1943): 214–32.

20
.
Agnes Murphy,
The Ideology of French Imperialism, 1817–1881
(Washington: Catholic University of America Press, 1948), pp. 46, 54, 36, 45.

21
.
Ibid., pp. 189, 110, 136.

22
.
Jukka Nevakivi,
Britain, France, and the Arab Middle East, 1914–1920
(London: Athlone Press, 1969), p. 13.

23
.
Ibid., p. 24.

24
.
D. G. Hogarth,
The Penetration of Arabia: A Record of the Development of Western Knowledge Concerning The Arabian Peninsula
(New York: Frederick A. Stokes, 1904). There is a good recent book on the same subject: Robin Bidwell,
Travellers in Arabia
(London: Paul Hamlyn, 1976).

25
.
Edmond Bremond,
Le Hedjaz dans la guerre mondiale
(Paris: Payot, 1931), pp. 242 ff.

26
.
Le Comte de Cressaty,
Les Intérêts de la France en Syrie
(Paris: Floury, 1913).

27
.
Rudyard Kipling,
Verse
(Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday & Co., 1954), p. 280.

28
.
The themes of exclusion and confinement in nineteenth-century culture have played an important role in Michel Foucault’s work, most recently in his
Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison
(New York: Pantheon Books, 1977), and
The History of Sexuality, Volume 1: An Introduction
(New York: Pantheon Books, 1978).

29
.
The Letters of T. E. Lawrence of Arabia
, ed. David Garnett (1938; reprint ed., London: Spring Books, 1964), p. 244.

30
.
Gertrude Bell,
The Desert and the Sown
(London: William Heinemann, 1907), p. 244.

31
.
Gertrude Bell,
From Her Personal Papers, 1889–1914
, ed. Elizabeth Burgoyne (London: Ernest Benn, 1958), p. 204.

32
.
William Butler Yeats, “Byzantium,”
The Collected Poems
(New York: Macmillan Co., 1959), p. 244.

33
.
Stanley Diamond,
In Search of the Primitive: A Critique of Civilization
(New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Books, 1974), p. 119.

34
.
See Harry Bracken, “Essence, Accident and Race,”
Hermathena
116 (Winter 1973): pp. 81–96.

35
.
George Eliot,
Middlemarch: A Study of Provincial Life
(1872; reprint ed., Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1956), p. 13.

36
.
Lionel Trilling,
Matthew Arnold
(1939; reprint ed., New York: Meridian Books, 1955), p. 214.

37
.
See Hannah Arendt,
The Origins of Totalitarianism
(New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1973), p. 180, note 55.

38
.
W. Robertson Smith,
Kinship and Marriage in Early Arabia
, ed.
Stanley Cook (1907; reprint ed., Oesterhout, N.B.: Anthropological Publications, 1966), pp. xiii, 241.

39
.
W. Robertson Smith,
Lectures and Essays
, ed. John Sutherland Black and George Chrystal (London: Adam & Charles Black, 1912), pp. 492–3.

40
.
Ibid., pp. 492, 493, 511, 500, 498–9.

41
.
Charles M. Doughty,
Travels in Arabia Deserta
, 2nd ed., 2 vols. (New York: Random House, n.d.), 1: 95. See also the excellent article by Richard Bevis, “Spiritual Geology: C. M. Doughty and the Land of the Arabs,”
Victorian Studies
16 (December 1972), 163–81.

42
.
T. E. Lawrence,
The Seven Pillars of Wisdom: A Triumph
(1926; reprint ed., Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, Doran & Co., 1935), p. 28.

43
.
For a discussion of this see Talal Asad, “Two European Images of Non-European Rule,” in
Anthropology and the Colonial Encounter
, ed. Talal Asad (London: Ithaca Press, 1975), pp. 103–18.

44
.
Arendt,
Origins of Totalitarianism
, p. 218.

45
.
T. E. Lawrence,
Oriental Assembly
, ed. A. W. Lawrence (New York: E. P. Dutton & Co., 1940), p. 95.

46
.
Cited in Stephen Ely Tabachnick, “The Two Veils of T. E. Lawrence,”
Studies in the Twentieth Century
16 (Fall 1975): 96–7.

47
.
Lawrence,
Seven Pillars of Wisdom
, pp. 42–3, 661.

48
.
Ibid., pp. 549, 550–2.

49
.
E. M. Forster,
A Passage to India
(1924; reprint ed., New York: Harcourt, Brace & Co., 1952), p. 322.

50
.
Maurice Barrès,
Une Enquête aux pays du Levant
(Paris: Plon, 1923), 1: 20; 2: 181, 192, 193, 197.

51
.
D. G. Hogarth,
The Wandering Scholar
(London: Oxford University Press, 1924). Hogarth describes his style as that of “the explorer first and the scholar second” (p. 4).

52
.
Cited by H. A. R. Gibb, “Structure of Religious Thought in Islam,” in his
Studies on the Civilization of Islam
, ed. Stanford J. Shaw and William R. Polk (Boston: Beacon Press, 1962), p. 180.

53
.
Frédéric Lefèvre, “Une Heure avec Sylvain Lévi,” in
Mémorial Sylvain Lévi
, ed. Jacques Bacot (Paris: Paul Hartmann, 1937), pp. 123–4.

54
.
Paul Valéry,
Oeuvres
, ed. Jean Hytier (Paris: Gallimard, 1960), 2: 1556–7.

55
.
Cited in Christopher Sykes,
Crossroads to Israel
(1965; reprint ed., Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1973), p. 5.

56
.
Cited in Alan Sandison,
The Wheel of Empire: A Study of the Imperial Idea in Some Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Century Fiction
(New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1967), p. 158. An excellent study of the French equivalent is Martine Astier Loutfi,
Littérature et colonialisme: L’Expansion coloniale vue dans la littérature romanesque française, 1871–1914
(The Hague: Mouton & Co., 1971).

57
.
Paul Valéry,
Variété
(Paris: Gallimard, 1924), p. 43.

58
.
George Orwell, “Marrakech,” in
A Collection of Essays
(New York: Doubleday Anchor Books, 1954), p. 187.

59
.
Valentine Chirol,
The Occident and the Orient
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1924), p. 6.

60
.
Élie Faure, “Orient et Occident,”
Mercure de France
229 (July 1–August 1, 1931): 263, 264, 269, 270, 272.

61
.
Fernand Baldensperger, “Où s’affrontent l’Orient et l’Occident intellectuels,” in
Études d’histoire littéraire
, 3rd ser. (Paris: Droz, 1939), p. 230.

62
.
I. A. Richards,
Mencius on the Mind: Experiments in Multiple Definitions
(London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1932), p. xiv.