Ottoman Brothers: Muslims, Christians, and Jews in Early Twentieth-Century Palestine (55 page)

^109.
Ha-
vi
, December 31, 1908.

^110.
See J. Falanga (Jaffa) to British Consul Blech (Jerusalem), December 30, 1908; JNUL-M 4°1315/64; and German consular report, January 19, 1909; ISA 67, peh/416:32. As was commented by the German consul in attendance, “It made a strange impression to see a bishop on Holy Night in the Church of the Nativity handing out benedictions right and left with a cross in his hand, attended to only by his armed escort.” German Consulate, Jerusalem, to Reichskanzler von Bülow, January 18, 1909. ISA 67, peh/416:32.

^111.
German consular report, January 19, 1909. ISA 67, peh/416:32; Qazaqiya,
Tarikh al-kinisa al-rasuliyya al-Urshalimiyya
, 192.

^112.
Ha-
vi
, February 10, 1909. The editor added a note that the Arab Christians knew how “to fight, to demand their rights.” It is likely this was meant to stir up his Jewish readership to act in a similar manner.

^113.
Albert Antébi to Dizengoff and Saphir, February 26, 1909. AAIU, Israel-IX.E.26.

^114.
“The Present Conflict Between the Laity and Clergy of the Greek Church of Palestine,” Thomas R. Wallace, January 18, 1909; NACP, National Archives microfilm publication M862, roll 102, Jerusalem, numerical file, 1906–10, central files of the Department of State, record group 59.
Filas
īn
faithfully recorded the minutes of the council meetings in a regular “Orthodox Affairs” column.

^115.
Al-Sakakini, “Al-Nahda al-Urthudhuksiyya fi Filastin.”

^116.
Filas
īn
, July 15, 1911.

^117.
The American consul in Jerusalem claimed that the rebellion was supported by the other churches in Jerusalem, stating that “every lover of liberty is animated by the hope that the native community will succeed in regaining something of its ancient rights.” “The Present Conflict Between the Laity and Clergy of the Greek Church of Palestine,” January 18, 1909. In 1909 the Tiberias local council placed a Christian as the representative for the Jewish community, much to their horror. The community appealed to the Beirut-based Jewish attorney Shlomo Yellin for help and demanded to know which clauses of the constitution ensured them what kinds of rights. July 15, 1909 and August 15, 1909. CZA, A412/24.

^118.
Ha-
vi
, December 25, 1908.

^119.
Consulate General of France in Palestine (G. Gueyrand) to M. Pinchon, Minister of Foreign Affairs, Paris; March 3, 1909; MAEF, microfilm roll 132, Correspondence Politique et Commerciale/Nouvelle Série (Turquie). In fact an editorial published months later in
Al-Quds
decried against local Catholics in Bethlehem who insisted that their children be baptized by foreign rather than local priests. Hanania, “Jurji Habib Hanania.”

^120.
See
Ha-‘Olam
, October 2, 1908, and October 9, 1908;
Ha-Hashkafa
, September 1, 1908.

^121.
Hanioğlu,
Preparation for a Revolution
, 310.

^122.
Ibid., 311.

^123.
Adivar,
Memoirs of Halide Edip
, 260.

^124.
Quoted in Saliba, “Wilayat Suriyya,” 250–51.

^125.
Shaykh Muhammad Shakir Diab al-Baytuni, in
Al-Quds
, May 14, 1909. See also “The Holiday of Liberty,” by Avraham Elmaliach,
Ha-Hashkafa
, August 9, 1908. The CUP political platform included support for land reforms.

^126.
See Quataert, “Economic Climate of the ‘Young Turk Revolution' in 1908”; December 27, 1908. CZA J15/6342; Saliba, “Wilayat Suriyya”, 253; see also the notice that peasants near Haifa were revolting against their Christian and Muslim landowners. Franck to Antébi, November 8, 1908. AAIU, Israel-VIII.E.25.

^127.
From Ravndal to Leishman, February 23, 1909 (file 10044/130–33); NACP, National Archives microfilm publication M862, roll 102, Jerusalem, numerical file, 1906–10, central files of the Department of State, record group 59. See also
Ha-
vi
, January 6, 1909; Vester,
Our Jerusalem
, 222.

^128.
Buxton,
Turkey in Revolution
, 101.

^129.
For a similar argument about the Tanzimat reformers, see Makdisi, “Corrupting the Sublime Sultanate,” 196.

^130.
See Frierson, “Unimagined Communities.”

^131.
“The Constitution in Turkey {sic],”
Ha-‘Olam
, July 29, 1908.

^132.
Buxton,
Turkey in Revolution
, 108–9.

^133.
Commins,
Islamic Reform
, 129;
Al-Itti
ād al-‘Uthmānī
, September 27, 1908.

^134.
Al-Manār, September 25, 1908.

Chapter Two: Brotherhood and Equality

^1.
Al-Manār, September 25, 1908.

^2.
Ayalon,
Language and Change in the Arab Middle East
, 23.

^3.
Abu Manneh, “Islamic Roots of the Gülhane Rescript”; Mardin, “Some Consideration.”

^4.
In the language of 1856, it was “Byzantine subjects of the Sublime Porte [Rum tebaa-y devlet-i aliyyem].” Strauss, “Ottomanisme et ‘Ottomanité,'” 19.

^5.
Translation from “Constitution de l'empire Ottoman octroyée par Sa Majeste Imperiale le Sultan le 7 Zilhidjé 1293.”

^6.
Anthony Smith defines the constituent elements of the territorial nation as “historic territory, legal-political community, legal-political equality of members, and common civic culture and identity.” Smith,
National Identity
, 11.

^7.
For the text of the law see [Grégoire], “Législation ottomane.” For more on the citizenship law see Osmanağaoğlu,
Tanzimat dönemi itibariyla Osmanli tabiiyyetinin.

^8.
Butenschon, “State, Power, and Citizenship in the Middle East,” 26.

^9.
One historian has estimated that between 1862 and 1882, mass immigration from the Balkans and the Caucasus led to a 40 percent increase in the number of the empire's Muslims. Karpat,
Politicization of Islam
, 97.

^10.
Kern, “Rethinking Ottoman Frontier Politics.”

^11.
See Deringil, “Some Aspects of Muslim Immigration,” 56.

^12.
ISA 1/123, peh/790:12.

^13.
AAIU, Israel-I.C.1.